By Tual Khan Suan
A masa in hih thulu tawh kisai in Zomi tampi tenna a hi, Kawlgam thu bulphuh in ki gelh ahihi. Kawlgam sunga om Zomi te'n 1948 kum in gamkeek mangkangte ukna pan suahtakna i ngah hun pan in Democracy i gah tamlo i ne kha man hi. Tua hi a, Kawlgam mi tampi takin Democracy i pak leh gah a hoihna tampi kitheih khin a hih manin Democracy tawh ki-uk ding pen lung-gulh pen in i nei hi. Democracy i cih pen mi a tam zaw in i theih sa bangin Demo (mipi), leh cracy (ukna) kigawm hi a, mipi deihna bang a ki-ukna a hih kei leh, mipi vaihawmna ci'n kigen thei hi.
1988 kum a kipan Kawlgam sung buaina tuamtuamte a beina dingin Kawlgam galkap makaihna tawh kigelh thukhunpi (constitution) zui in tulai tak President a sem Thein Sein leh Democracy deihna hang tawh hatsatna tampi a thuak Aung San Suu Kyi in kihona a hong neih khit uh ciangin, kipawl khawm a sepkhop ding hong thukim uh, tua pen gam mipite'n Kawlgam in Democracy kingahta ci'n i nuam tek hi. Mipi a tam zaw in i gam kilam khiatzia ( structure of the states) leh kumpi kiphuhzia ( formation of government/executives) ki enlo in lampi man tawn mah i sa hi. Ahi zongin mipite kidop huai thu khat om lai a, tua in, " mipi deih makaite kitel maw? or Thunei mite deih makaite kitel hi zaw maw?" cih a hihi. Tua ban ah, Democracy mantak i ngahna dingin " i gam kilam zia" leh " kumpi kiphuh zia" in hong sai lai ding hi.
Democracy gam a tamzaw i et ciangin minam khat bek bulphuh a kilam khia gam (state- nations) tamlo a, minam tampi kigawm khawm a kilam khia gam (nation-states) tam zaw hi. Tua hi a, namcin gawm gam (nation-states) sunga teng minam khempeuh tanh kikim (liangko kikim=Mahsahlah hun lai a kizang kammal) ding gel masak in nei uhhi. Minam zui a gamke (state) khenna (gtn.India) a hi a, mun leh mual (geographically) zui a gamke(state) khenna (gtn.USA) a hizongin, gamke (state) khempeuh tanh kikim ding in kilam khia hi. Tua hang mah in Kawlgam in suahtakna a ngah khit lian a Kawlgam kumpi tawh a kido Karen minam te'n, " Kawl in pek khat a ngah leh Karen in zong pek khat" na ci uhhi. 1947 kum a Kawlgam thukhunpi (constitution) a kigelh takteh Kawlmite tenna mun diak teng (proper Burma) pen gamke (state) dangte a hi, Shan, Karen leh Karenni bangin kician takin kikhen lo in, Union of Burma tawh kitel khial thei hi. Tua a hih manin Kawlte gam (Proper Burma) or Union of Burma gam sungah tua minam dangte in va belpawl tawh kibang hi. Tua a hih manin minam khempeuh i tanh kikim theilo pah hi. Hih mun santak ah i gen ut masak a hih loh hangin a kisapna om a hih manin "gam lamkhiat zia" ( structures of the state)tawm i gen pak ahihi.
Democracy gam hoih a suah na dingin kumpi kiphuh zia ( formation of government) pen a kisam mahmah a hihi. Kumpi kiphuh zia i cih takciangin gambup sungah vaihawm theihna (executive power) a nei pawlte a hih man un gam hoihna ding, siatna ding a mau khut sungah tampi om hi. Leitung Demcracy gamte i zat a hi Kumpi kiphuh zia nam nih tawm tuak in ka hong gelh nuam hi. Koi pen hoih zaw a, koi pen hoihlo zaw cih a kigen theih loh hangin ei gam din mun tawh kituak lo pen i zat leh a hoih lo penpen a hihi.
1. Presidential Democracy
Presidential Democracy tawh ki-ukna gamte ah President a sem mi pen, gambup a dingin a lutang pen leh gam kumpi a hihi. Gambup i mailam kalsuan zia, sep zia dingte a kipan thu meilet(policy) te gelh ding vaipuak nei hi. A hoihna khatna ah, gambup vaihawmna ah a mungpi thu thum a hi, Gam-ukna (executive power), Dan leh thukhun bawlna (legislative power) leh Thu khenna (judicial power) teng khat leh khat kikai-awk lo in tang din thei hi. Tua a hih manin President in a ma thuneihna a kheng val zat khaklohna dingin kibuuk tuahna (check and balance) tawh kikem kik thei hi. A hoihna nihna ah President pen sepkum (term) kiciangtan omsa hi a, kumpi kilaih themthum cih omlo in kipkho (stable) hi. A hoihna thumna ah gam mipi in direct in tel thei uh a hih manin a, makaihna ah mipite thukimpihna (mandate) ngah pha diak hi. Tua ban-ah President in mipi palai ahi, Members of Parliament (MP) leh Senator te mitmet veng kul nawnlo in mipi mai et ding bek hi a, mipi a dingin metna om tuam thei hi. Minam vai (nationalism) a ki thupi sak luat lohna leh minam zui a gam lakkhiat lohna gamte ah kizang leh kilawh cing mahmah thei hi. Tulai tak in USA gam pen hih tawh kalsuan hi. (A hoihna om lai tham ding hi na pi'n gen nawn kei ni)
Tulai tak Kawlgam kumpi kiphuh zia ding tawh kisai 2008 kum Kawlgam thukhunpi Chapter III. Article 1.2.3 leh Chapter V. Article 1.(a) na ah "Gam-uk makai ding pen Gambup President hi ding hi" ( The Executive Head of state is the President of the State) ci'n kigelh a hih manin Kawlgam pen Presidential ki-ukna tawh a pai a hihi. Presidential Democracy mantak tawh a kalsuan hi leh, tulai tak a Kawlgam President U Thein Sein pen gambup mipi tel ding a hihi. Mipi tel a hih loh bek thamlo in, Kawlgam ah President sem thei ding mite pen thukhunpi Chapter 3. Article 4 (iv) sungah " President sem ding mi in, Politics, administration, economic leh military ah siamna nei mi hi ding hi"(The President of the Union shall be well acquainted affairs of state such as political, administrative, economic and military affairs) ci a, mipi deih tel theihna ding omlo hi. Democracy man tak a zui leitung gam dang a kizang gambup President kitelzia pen Kawlgam in zanglo hi. Kawlgam President kitelzia ding tawh kisai in, Kawlgam thukhunpi Chapter III Article 5 na sungah, "Innpi tungnung (upper house) leh Innpi nuainung (lower house) pan a mipi tel palai leh galkap deihtel palaite in minpuak (nominate)" ding ci a hih manin, mipi in a mau deih makai pen direct in tel theilo suak hi. Kitelna khat a hih hang mipi deih makai telkhiatna hi ngeilo ding hi. Kawlgam ah President i thu neihna pen kilian piak lua mah mah a, gam-ukna (administrative power), dan leh thukhun bawlna (legislative power) leh thu khenna (judicial power) khempeuh tawh kigawm tuah vek hi.
Gambup President leh gam-uk tanu pawl (cabinet) ding mite pen mipi palai (representative) hi theilo ding hi, cih thukhunpi sungah kigelh a hih manin, Kawl minam a hilo, minam neute i palaite in gambup ki-ukna ah mangpi zaa (Minister) leh panmun lian ngah theihna kong kawcik mahmah hi. Tua a hih manin tulai tak Kawlgam dinmun, ( minam neu tampi kigawm khopna gam ah) ki-ukna leh vaihawmna a zat dingin Presidential democracy pen a hoih hetlo suak hi. (Ciapteh ding thu ah, gam khat peuh in President a koih hangin, tua gam pen Presidential Democracy tawh kikal suan hi cih khit theihna omlo hi.)
2. Parliamentary Democracy
Parliamentary Democracy i gen teh, Kawlgam sunga om Zomi te'n U Nu (first PM of Union of Burma) hun lai i mit kha ah hong om pah hi.1947 kum Kawlgam bup thukhunpi (constitution) Chapter VII, Article 114 sungah "Gambup kumpi in Prime Minister leh midangte ki hel ding hi... The Union Government shall consist of the Prime Minister and other members...)" cih kigelh a, mipi palai tawh kilamkhia Innpi nuainung (lower House) pan kilam ding in kibawl hi. Parliamentary Democracy tawh kalsuanna ah innpi nuai nung (lower house) pan mipi palaite tawh kiphuh khia Prime minister makaih gam-uk tanu pawl (cabibet) in gam-ukna hong makaih uh hi. Gam bup kitelna pan a gual zo penpen party in kumpi phuh (government form) a gam-uk tanu pawl (cabinet minister) dingin a ma party sung pan la hi. A mau party i thumeilet (policy) a sepsuah zawhna ding uh ngimna a hihi. Gambup vaihawm ding zia tawh kisai thu meilet a kipsak ding uh ciangin Parliament ah thu kikum in kipsakna la uh a, tua tungtawn in gam-uk tanu pawl in a sem khia a hihi. Presidential Democracy tawh kibang lo in, Parliamentary Democracy ah legislative leh executive power pen kikhen theilo hi. A hangin gam-uk tanu pawl pen mipi tel palai te hi uh a, gam-ukna a sep kawm un, thu khun bawlna ah zong a kihel uh kul hi. A hizongin thu khenna (judicial power) pen a tuam vilvel in kikoih hi. Gam-uk vaihawm pawl in vaihawmna ding thu meilet (policy) khat peuh a sep khiat theihna dingin Parliament pan thukimna lak kul hi. Tua ban ah,Gam uk kumpi in gam a ding a hoihlo ding, gam-ukna sem zo nawnlo ding, vaihawm zia hoihlo lua ci'n a ki muh leh vote of no confidence ( muang zo nawnlo) cih tawh Parliament ah thu khenna kibawl a gam-uk tanu pawl kikhawl sak thei hi. Hih sepzia pen Parliamentary Democracy a ding in kibuuk tuahna (check and balance) khat hi a, mipi leh gambup a dingin a hoih zawk hun tam hi.
Parliamentary Democracy paizia tawh ki-ukna ah gambup mailam kal suanzia ding thumeilet khatpeuh Innpi (Parliament) pan thukimna lakna ding a kisap takteh, gam-uk tanu pawl pen thukhun gelhna zong kihel kha a hih manin, manlang leh baih zaw in kikipsak theihi. Parliamentary Democracy kalsuan zia pen minam neu tamna gam, biakna leh ngaihsutna kibatlohna (diverse religion and ideology) tamna gam ah zat dingin kituak mahmah hi. A hangin gam-uk tanu pawl (cabinet ministers) pen mipi palai sung pan a kila khia hi a, mi namkim kihel kha thei hi. Tua ban- ah Presidential Democracy ah President in thuneihna a tam let luat bang hilo in, Parliamentary Democracy ah Prime Minister leh minister te tungah thuneihna kihawm zak zaw hi. Mipi deihtel palaite mah in gam-uk tanu pawl (cabinet minister) sem pah a hih manin mipite tawh kizopna mamm zaw hi. Mipi kisapna pen kumpi in theihna ding lampi baih zaw suak hi. Minam zui a kiphuh khia gam lah a hi leitung bup a Democracy gam lian pen zong a hi India, United Kingdom (UK) gamte in hih democracy gam ki-uk zia zang uh a, a mau gam tawh kituak a hih manin lawh cing mahmah uhhi.
Parliamentary Democracy paizia tawh ki-ukna gam ah President omlo ding cih hi peuhmah lo hi. President pen gambup lutang (head of state) mah in kikoih veve a, gam ukna lam ah thu neihna (executive power) a kipia lo bek a hihi. 1947 kum Kawlgam thukhunpi Chapter V sungah, Kawlgam sung ah President a sem pen in Gambup lutangpi hi dingin kikoih hi. Parliament ah vaihawmna te a en cik ding, gam -uk tanu pawlte a kisapna leh thanemna a huh ding in kikoih hi. President pen thu neihna ngah party a hi a, party khat peuh tawh kizopna neilo mi a hih manin mi khempeuh tawh na sem khawm thei hi.
Kawlgam ah galkap puan silh te'n kumpi sepna pan hong khol bawl in galkap puan suah mite'n kumpi hong sem in, tawm khat kikhelna hong bawl tak uh ciangin gam mi tampi tak in Kawlgam in democracy ngah ta ci'n i nuam mahmah hi. A taktak in Kawlgam in democracy gam taktak a ngahna ding lampi a sial pan bek hi a, ngimna a tung nailo a hihi. Ngimna a hong tun pih phial zong un, tu a i zuih lampi mah i zuih suak leh, minam zui a kilam khia gam tawh kituak hetlo democracy paizia a hi Presidential democracy zui i hih manin minam neute a dingin lampi vang nailo ding hi. Presidential Democracy i zat sawm hangin leitung gamdang a hi, a diak in USA gamte zat bangin kizang lo in President pen mipi tel hinailo a hih manin man tak nailo lai hi. Tua a hih manin Kawlgam in Democracy mantak i ngah theihna ding leh i gam lamkhiat zia leh i gam tangthu (background/history) tawh kituak pen ding lampi i zuih theihna dingin gam makaite in Parlimentary Democracy ki-ukna lam i zuih ding ahihi.
July 14,2012
