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Tual Khan Suan
Presidential Democracy paizia zui
a minam leh gam ki-ukna, vaihawmna munte ah, ukna thu neihna (Executive Power),
thukhun bawl theihna (Legislative Power), thukhen theihna (Judicial Power) teng
pen kihek khawmlo in a tuam vilvel in om a, tua pen thuneihna tuamkhenna (Separation
of Powers) ci’n kithei hi. (President Democracy pen Presidential Government
in zong kithei hi.) Presidential Government ah ukna thunei pawl (executive branch)
in nasep makaih a, thukhun bawlna ah mawhpuak a neilo banah Thukhen pawl zong
va sawksuk sawkto theilo hi. USA gam thukhunpi pen Presidential Democracy paizia
nuai a thu neihna tuamkhenna (separation of powers) a kisep suah cilna cih ding
a hihi.
Thuneihna tuam khenna (separation
of powers) tawh gam-uk le vaihawm ding gelna pen a hun leh a mun in a kisapna tungtawn
panin ngaihsutna a hong piang a hihi. Tangthu sung a hunlai (Medieval) huamin
France, England leh Scotland gamte pen Ukpi vaihawmna (Monarchy) tawh ki-uk in,
a hihang in thunei pawl (Executive Branch) pen Ukpi (monarch) te tungah piak
ding, thukhun pen mipi Taangmi leh Palai in bawl ding, cih gelna pan hong kipan
hi cileng kikhiallo ding hi. Tua thu neihna tuamkhenna ding lunggelna
(philosophy) a nei Mangkang mi thu ngaihsun John Locke, (1632-1704) leh France
mi thu ngaihsun Charles- Loius de
Montesquieu (1584-1655) te ahi uhhi. John Locke in a England gamsung a Kumpi
(King) leh Innpi (Parliament) kikal ah ukna thuneihna leh thu khunbawl thu
neihna kituhna a beina ding lampi zonna in hih thu a gel a hihi. Kum zalom 17
ciangciang in England ah Kumpi (King) in ukna thuneihna leh thukhun bawl
theihna len khawm a hih manin gamsungah Kumpi’ thu neihna ciangtanna dingin
Parliament ah thu a kisun ciangin thu kimin zolo in kikanna piang hi. Tua thu
kikanna a beina dingin John Locke in “Kumpi (King) in ukna thuneihna len ding,
Parliament in thukhun bawlna len ding a, thu khenna pen Kumpi leh Parliament in
sawk khalo ding” ci’n gel hi.
John Locke i gelna ah Kumpi
(King) in ukna thuneihna len ding a, gambup lutangpi (head of state) hihna sem
suak ding cih zong ahihi. (Tuhun a thuneihna tuamkhenna a President in ukna
thuneihna a let pen tua hun lai a, Kumpi (King) i let ding a kigel masa pen a
hihi.) England gam-ah Kumpi (King)
pen ukna thuneihna let sak dinga kigel masa hi mah leh, tu ni ciang dong England
gamah hih thu kizanglo a, Parliament sungah ukna thuneihna leh thukhun bawl
theihna a kithuap paidan ahi Parliament democracy kizang hi. A hizongin tuhun a
leitung mun tuamtuam ah President makaih ki-uk vaihawmna paizia pen John Locke i
lunggelna bulphuh hi cih pen kinial theilo hi.
Ukna-thuneihna (Executive Power)
tuamkhen a koih ding cih lunggelna a nei mipil dang khat, France gammi
Montesquieu i lunggelnate pen USA i gambup thukhunpi gelhna ah kibulphuh mahmah
a hihna kimu thei hi. A ma lunggelnate “On the Spirit of Laws” cih laibu sungah
Montesquieu in “Kumpi khat ukna gam sungah gammi khat leh khat kilauhna a bei
ciang bek in gammite’n minam leh gam vai tawh kisai suahtakna ngah thei pan
ding” ahih manin tua suahtakna a pia thei ding ukna leh vaihawmna lam khiat
ding ngaihsutna pia hi. A ma i ngaihsut piakna ah “Ukna nei kumpi ding pen thu
neihna tuamkhenna (separation powers) tawh kilam khia kumpi nam hi ding hi”,
cih a hihi. Ukna thuneihna (executive power) leh thukhun bawl thuneihna (legislative
power) pen mi khat (or) kipawlna khat ah a kigawm khop ciangin tua mimal (or)
kipawlna in mipi a ukcip theihna ding thukhun bawl in thuneihna zangkhial thei
hi cihi. Tua banah thukhun bawl thu neihna leh thu khenna thuneihna (judicial
power) kigawm khawm ciangin zong thukhen mang (Judges) in a ma deih bang
thukhun bawl in mipi gakcipna kha theihi, ci hi. Tua a hih manin gammite’
suahtakna a pia ding ukna, vaihawmna a om na theih na’ngin ukna thuneihna,
thukhun bawl theihna leh thukhen theihna te mimal khat (or) kipawlna khat khut sungah
kigawm khawmlo in a tangdin tek a kilam khia kumpi kisam hi, ci hi.
Presidential Democracy paizia
tawh ukna leh vaihawmna i etna ah hih paizia a kizat theihna dingin a tuibuak Republicanism
gam kilamzia i gen kulhi. Banghang hiam cih leh, Presidential Democracy paizia kizatna
gamte pen Republic gamlam khiatzia zui a kiphuh khia gamte a hihi. Tuhun a gambup
lutangpi (Head of State) panmun ngahna zui in gam paidan nam nih in kikhen thei
hi. Monarchy (or) Kingdom tawh kilam in, ukna thuneihna pen pianpih luahsukna
tawh gam ukna ngah Kumpi leh gamsung mipi in President tel in gambup lutangpi
panmun tawh makaihna Kumpi nam a hihi. Gamsung mipi in a mau deih makai or
President ding tel theihna tawh gam lamkhiatna pen Republic gamte kici hi. A hi
zongin Republic gam tawh kilam khia gam khempeuh ah Presidential democracy paizia
zui in makai kitel hituanlo a, Parliamentary Democracy paizia zui a gam makai
telna a zang gam zong om veve hi.
Republic cih kammal pen Greek
kammal Respublica pan kila hi a, mipi vai (tawh kisai) cihna a hihi. Republicanism
pen tanglai Greek mite i city-state hunlai pek a kipan himah leh American
Revolution hun ma ciangciang pen khuasuak zolo a hih manin leitung bup-ah gam
lamkhiat zia leh ukna pen Monarchism bek kizang hi. American Revolution a ven
ciangin thuneihna tuamkhenna (separation of Powers) tawh kilam gam ukna leh
vaihawmna kiphuh khia a; ukna thu neihna len ding pen mipi deihtel President
kipia hi. (John Locke i gelna ah Ukpi/Kumpi (Monarch) te ukna thuneihna piak
ding a cih pen USA gam-ah President kipia hi bek a, a mi kilam dangin, a thu
kilam danglo hi.) Tua a hih manin USA gam pen Presidential Democracy tawh
gam ukna a zang masa pen a suak hi. French Revolution a ven khit ciangin France
gam-ah Presidential Democracy kizang a, tua banah Finland, Philippines, South
Korea, Vietnam, Latin America gamte, 1990 kum khit lam-ah Russia, leh East
Europe gamte cih bangin Presidential Democracy kizang hi. A hizongin gam khat
leh gam khat ah a kizatdan kibang lianlo hi. Tua a hih manin Presidential
Democracy paizia i etna ah a piankhiatna bulpi pen ahi USA gam ukna leh
vaihawmna bulphuh in i gen ding hi.
Kumpi phuhkhiatna (
Executive Branch)
USA gam ah ukna le vaihawmna
kahiang (Executive branch) phuh khiat ding pen President i vaipuak (duties) a
hihi. Gammi (mipi) in President pen direct & indirect in tel uh a,
President in a mah tawh a sem khawm ding Cabinet Ministers leh Kumpi Agencies,
Departments, Committees, adang Ukna tawh kisai thuneihna a zalian ding mite pen a ma deih bang mi tel thei hi.
President in a tel mite pen Innpi (Congress) a inndei tungnung a hi, Senate in
sittelna, kipsakna neih kisam hi. Gammi deihtel a hilo mi khat in gam ukna a
sem ding a hih manin mi nunzia (characters), siamsilna (qualifications) leh
Thukhun khatpeuh tawh a kisawh kha ngei hiam cihte sittel masak kisam hi. A
zenzen in President in a deihtel mi khat Senate in a kipsak zawh kei leh
President in midang khat tel kik thei hi. (President in ukna thuneihna ah a
seppih ding mite pen Congress (Senate leh House of Representative) pan Taangmi
leh Palai semlai mi hi theilo hi.)
President pen Gambup lutangpi
(Head of the State) a hih banah kumpi lutangpi (Head of Government) zong a
hihi. Parliamentary democracy ah Prime Minister pen kumpi sungah a thunei pen a
hih bangin Presidential Democracy ah President pen a thu nei pen a hihi.
Executive Branch ah President, Vice
President leh Cabinets (15-Head of Executive Departments), independent
agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees a lutangpi (head) teng kihel
hi. Executive branch in thukhunte a sem khia (carry out) ding leh a nungzuih
(enforced) ding a hihi. President i sepkum (term) pen kum (4) sung hi a, sepkum
(term) nih a kizom in sem thei hi. President i sepkum (term) a bei hunin a ma
seppih, Executive Branch a President seh (tel) mite zong a sepkum uh a bei a
hihi.
President kitelna
(Presidential Election)
USA gambup lutangpi (President)
pen kum (4) hal sim in kiteel hi. Kiteel dan pen mipi in candidate sung pan a
deih penpen vote pia in, a teel uh hangin kiteelna a khensat taktak pen Electoral
College a hihi. Tua a hih manin encik mi pawlkhat in USA gam President kiteeldan
pen direct a kitelna hilo a, indirect a kitelna hi, ci uhhi. Kiteelna zatzia
(Election system) a hih leh a zo pen in a vek a ngahna ( winner takes all) ki zang
hi. Gamke (State) zui in Electoral College ah vote tawi theih zah hawm uha, tua
sung pan in a lang (50%) val a ngah penpen in a zo a hihi.
Electoral College
Electoral College i cih pen
kitelna zatdan ( process) khat hi a, siamsinna mun (place) hilo hi. USA gam
phut khia makai masate in US President teelna ah gammi leh Congress kigawm a
tel theihna ding ngimna tawh a bawl uh a hihi. A deihna pen in, mi honpi (mob)
a tamzaw depna (influence) a omlohna ding kiven kholhna a hihi. Mi honpi in
direct ah telna (Pure Democracy) paizia zatna hangin gambup kisia thei a hihna
mu khin uh a hih manin gam phut khia makai te’n tua paizia pelh sawm a, a gel
uh ahihi.
Electoral College sungah vote vekpi
(538) om hi. Tua pen, House of Representatives pan Palai (435), Senate pan Taangmi
(100) le Washington DC (3) kigawm a hihi. ( Theih ding: Washington DC in Taangmi
(Senator) leh Palai (Representative) neilo hi. A hih hangin Electoral College ah
Vote (3) tawi thei hi). Candidate mikhat in President a ngahna dingin
Electoral College vote (270) a ngah kul hi. A zenzen in Candidate khatpeuh in vote
(270) a ngah zawh kei leh, President ding pen House of Representatives a Palai
te’n tel ding a, Gamke (state) khat in vote khat ta bek nei thei hi. Gamke
(State) pan in Palai (House of Representative) a tawm a tam zui hilo a, gamke
zui a vote 1 ta a hih manin, Palai teng kikum in vote pia khawm ding cihna a
hihi. Tua mah bangin Senate in zong, Vice President ding a candidate sung pan
gamke (state) khat pan vote (1) mah tawh teel ding hi. A zenzen in President
ding a candidate khatpeuh in Kumpi kiciamni (Inauguration day) ma in a tamzaw
ngah (simple majority) a om kei leh Vice President ding a kitel pen in Acting
President sem ding a, President ding a kitelna a vaisian dong sem ding hi.
Electoral College vote pen state
zui a kihawm hi a, gamke huam (statewide) a zo pen in a vek a ngah hi. Tua
hangin mipi vote (Popular vote) ah tam ngah zaw na pi’n President a semlo cih
om thei hi. Bang hang? Gentehna: Candidate khat in State pawlkhat TX, MS, KS TN
cih bang ah 80% ngah ding in a lelhna state ah 49% khong in a lelh tak ciangin mipi
(popular vote) pen tamzaw thei hi. US tangthu sungah a piang mengmeng a hih loh
hangin kum 1824,1876,1888 leh 2000 in tua bang piang ngei hi. Kum 2000 kum
kitelna ah, Al Gore (Democrat) in popular vote 50,999,897 or 48.38% ngah a, George
W. Bush ( Republican) in popular vote 50,456,002 or 47.87% ngah hi. A hizongin George
W. Bush in Electoral College vote (271) ngah a hih manin President dingin kitel
cing hi. A zo pen in a vek a ngahna (winner takes all) a hih manin neucik khat tawh
a lelh hangin a zo pen in Electoral College vote khempeuh a ngahna hang a hihi.
A hizongin Nebraska leh Maine gamke
te’n gamke huam (statewide) ah a zo pen in a vek a ngahna (winner takes all)
zanglo uhhi. Congressional district zui-in Electoral college vote khen uha, congressional
district khatsim ah a zo pen Electoral College vote (1) ta pia in, gamke huam (statewide)
ah, a zo penpen tungah a om lai electoral college vote teng pia uhhi. Gentehna
in Nebraska ah Congressional district thum om a, Electoral Vote (5) kipia hi. Congressional
District (1) in Republican a zawh leh Electoral College vote (1) pen Republican
in ngah hi. Congressional District (2) ah Democrat in a zawh leh Electoral Vote
(2) kipia ding a, statewide ah Democrat in a zawh leh Electoral vote vekpi gawm
(4) a ngah ding a hihi.
US President leh Vice President
panmun tawh kisai in a awnhun (vacant) ciangin bang cih ding cih pen kum 1967
ma ciangciang kician takin gelhna omlo hi. Kum 1967, the 25th
amendment ciangin President a om kei leh Vice President in Acting President sem
ding a, sihna a neih leh Vice President in President sem ding hi. Vice President
mun a awn hun or sihna a neih leh President in a deih khat Congress ah puak
ding a, Congress in kipsakna nei ding hi. Vice President in a kisapna zui in President
mun a lak leh House of Speaker in Vice President sem dingin kigelh hi.
President thuneihna (Powers
of the President)
President pen ukna thuneihna tawh
kisai khempeuh ah a lian pen hi a, gamsung gampua ah ukna, vaihawmna leh
thukhunte a kizuihna ding, a tawsawn ding pen a ma’ mawhpuak a hihi. Tua na sepna
a huh dingin President in Cabinets seh hi. Cabinets a sem ding pen Senate ah
kipsakna lak kul masa a hih hangin Senate dong masa lo in President in tawpsak kik
thei hi. Innkuan khat bang hi leh Innsung lutang pen hi a, vaihawmna leh sepkhiatzia
ding khensatna ah President deihna mah kizui zaw hi. President in ukna
thuneihna a neih hangin thukhen mang (Judge) khat peuhpeuh pen khawlsak theihna
ding thuneihna neilo hi.
President pen Gambup ah galkap
mangpi (commander in chief) a hihi. Defense secretary a kipan galkap sung a
zaliante zong a panmun pia thei, tawpsak thei hi. Gamdang khat tawh gal kido
ding dinmun a om leh Congress ah thukimna la masa ding cih thukhunpi a om
hangin a taktak ah, a kisapna zui in President bek i thupiakna tawh kido thei veve
hi. Eg. Leitung galpi nihna (1933-41) hun lai President Franklin D. Roosevelt
leh Korean gal lai ( 1945-49) a President Harry S. Truman te in a kisapna zui
in galdo kipan thei hi.
President in Executive Order suah
theihna nei hi. Executive Order pen thukhun (law) hilo na pi’n a kiphiat kik
keinak leh law bangin nungta hi. Executive Order pen thukhun bawl paidan ngeina
bangin Congress pan-in review ding, tua khitteh President in suai a kaih leh
thukhun (law) a suak pan cih bang hilo in, President in a ma’ ukna thuneihna
tawh a sep nop khat a sep theihna ding a, a suah a hihi. Ahi zongin Judicial
Branch in President i Executive Order khempeuh review den a, constitution tawh
a kituah kei leh tua Executive Order pen unconstitutional ci’n nungta/ kizang
thei tuanlo hi. 1863 January 1 ni a Lincoln i “Emancipation Proclamation” pen
law hilo a, executive order a hihi. Executive Order pen a suah President in a
sep nawnloh ciangin President dang khat in phiat thei hi. A kiphiat kei nak leh
lah law bangin kizang suak hi.
President in thukhun bawlna dingin
thu neihna neilo hi. Congress in thukhun bawlna ding thu neihna nei a,
President deihna tawh kituaklo thukhun na ngawn bawl thei hi. President in a ma
deihna tawh kituak in thukhun bawl na dingin thupiak nei theilo a, zol bawl
thei bek hi. President in Congress session hun ahih loh hangin Congress session
bawlna dingin sap theihna nei hi. Gambup budget tawh kisai in Congress in a gel
pat theih hangin a tamzaw in, President i gelna pen kikipsak zaw hi. President
in a gelna or Congress gel budget pen President in a deih kei leh puahkik dingin
Congress ah puakkik thei a, a ma deihna zui in kipsak ding ngen thei hi. President
in mawhnei mite (criminals) te mawhmaisakna (pardon) pia thei hi.
Presidential Democracy a
hoihna leh a thanemna
Kithek leh kikhai kimna (Check
and Balance)
Presidential Democracy i a
tuamdanna (distinctiveness) pen in Gamsung a thuneihna zungpi thum; ukna
thuneihna (executive power), thukhun bawlna ( legislative power) leh thukhen
theihna (judicial power) teng pen kihek hawm lo in, a tuam dinna a hihi. Hih
thuneihna thum teng pen kihek khawmlo a hih manin khat leh khat ki depkhum
(influence) lo hi. Executive Branch a sem President in a ma deihna zui in
thukhun bawlte sawl in thupia ziau theilo hi. Tua bangin thukhen mangte’n zong
a mau deihna bangin thukhun bawl dingin thu pia theilo hi. Thukhun bawlte bawlsa
thukhunte pen Executive Branch in a sem khia hi a, a mau nasepnate thukhun tawh
a kituak hiam, a kituak kei hiam cih pen thukhen mang te’n en cik hi. Tua a hih
manin mimal or pawlkhat bek in a khengval a thuneihna ding pen kithek tuah leh
kikhai kim thei hi.
Ukna leh Vaihawmna kipkhona (Executive
Stability)
President in gam ukna leh
vaihawmna ah a seppih ding, a ma deih mi a teel teng pin thukhun bawlna pan
Taangmi/ Palai kila theilo a hih manin a ma makaihna muan huailo hi cih a thalnial
ding mi omlo (or) Congress ah gen theihna ding omlo a hih manin kumpi vaihawmna
pen kipkho (stable) zaw hi. Parliamentary Democracy ah bel Congress palai mi a
tam zaw in Prime Minister pen muanhuai nawn kei cih Congress (or) Parliament ah
thusung leh a hun cinglo nangawn in kumpi kikhek kul thei hi. President, Vice President
leh kumpi ulian dang khat peuh a kitawpsak theihna dingin, “gambup tungah
ciampel (treason), golhguk nekna (bribery) leh mawhna lian (high crimes and
misdemeanors) a nei mite lo buang kikai khia theilo hi.
Deihtel makai diktak suahna (Legitimacy
of Democratic Leader)
Kiteelna ah mipi in candidate
sung pan gamsung panmun lian a len dingin a mau deih pen mi mah teel thei a hih
manin telcing a ngah makai te’n zong mipi phalna (mandate) taktak a ngahin kimuanna
om hi. Sepna bawlna ah zong mipi lungtuak pen hihna lungsim tawh sem thei pah
hi. Parliamentary Democracy ah Prime Minister ding pen kitel hunsung ciang pen
kua’n ngah ding cih kitheilo a hih manin gambup vai a panmun lian pen a len
ding makai pen mipi deihpen hilo thei hi. Democracy vaihawmna ah panmun
khempeuh mipi deihna tawh kitel ding cih a hihloh hangin a gambup huam a panmun
thupi teng pen mipi in tel huai hi ci’n mipil te’n gen hi. President pen gambup
mipi teel hi a, Prime Minister pen Constituency or congressional district khat
sung a om mipi i teel suak hi.
Presidential Democracy
thanemna
Presidential Democracy i thanemna
a khatna ah, Executive-legislative deadlock a kici ukna thuneihna leh thukhun
bawl kikal a thumin zawhloh na hanga
buaina a hihi. Executive branch in a ma sepnop (or) a kamciamnate a tangtun sak
leh a sep suah theihna dingin thukhun tawh kituak in a pai kisam a, tua thute
pen thukhun sungah a lutsak masak kul hi. Thukhun bawl pawl (Congress) in a
thukim zawh kei leh na kisem theilo in dinkhawl kul hi. Congress in a thukim
zawh loh hun in Executive branch in nasep dinkhawn ( government shutdown) a, a
deih a ngah dong uh ngen thei uhhi. Kumpi na sem, mipi leh gamsung sum bawlna
tampi sukha hi.
Presidential Democracy i thanemna
a nihna in a zo pen in a vekpi a ngahna (winner takes all system) kizang a hih
manin mipi deihna leh mipi aw tawh ki zawitawn nawnloh hun om thei hi. Mipi a
tamzaw deihna hilo na pi’n thuneihna ngah theih mawk hi. 1970 kum in Chili President
kitelna ah telcing a ngah Salvador Allende in mipi vote vekpi i 36.2% bek
ngahna tawh President sem dingin kitel cing hi (63.8% in a mah tello cihna
hi). Kum 1992 in Philippines President Fidel Ramos in mipi vote vekpi 23.6%
bek ngahna tawh kiteel cing hi. 76.2% in a mah tello cihna hi.)
(Tua banah, a tung lam a i gen
USA President kitelna ah kum 1824,1876, 1888 leh 2001 in mipi vekpi vote a tam
ngahzaw pen in President ngahlo hi.)
A thumna pen a thupi lua a hih
loh hangin kigen veve hi. Tua pen President ding kitelna ah term bang zah sem
thei ding cih vai a hihi. President pen Congress pan in kitawp sak mawkmawk
theilo a hih manin a term cin dong mah a sem tamzaw hi. Term bangzah sem thei
ding, cih kidalna a om kei leh gam pawlkhat ah term khat pen kum (6) bang a hih
manin term (2) ngah leh kum (12) hi ziau hi. President thu neihna lian mahmah a
hih manin Lutangpi (President) panmun ah sawt sem lua leh ukcippi (dictator)
zia leh tong zui baih mahmah hi. USA gam sungah zong Franklin D. Roosevelt in President
sawt a sep luat tak ciangin the 22nd amendment, February 27,1951 kum
takteh President pen term (2) val sem theilo ding cih thukhunpi bawl uhhi.
Reference:
1.
“Presidential Democracy”: Khin Mg Win. Constitutional
Affairs Journal Vol XI – Page 33. August 2001.
2.
“Electing
a President: Lesson Overview.” Khan
Academy, Khan Academy,
www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-us-government-and-politics/political participation/electing-a-president/a/lesson-summary-electing-a-president.
3.
“Branches of the U.S. Government.” USAGov, www.usa.gov/branches-of-government.
4.
National Archives and Records Administration,
National Archives and Records Administration,
www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores2.html.
Date: May 17,2019
Theihding: Hih Article pen Zomi Innkuan USA bawl E-Handbook (2019) a ding a ka gelh a hihi.
