Nekguukna (Corruption)
Nekguukna (corruption) i khiatna (definition) leh a deihna (meaning) pen a tuamtuam in kilet khia kha ding a, a hizongin tongdot (dictionary) leh thukhun (legal) tawh kisai in a khiatna leh a deihna hih bangin kikhui khawm thei hi. Nekguukna i cih pen “ukna nei mite in thu manlohna (dishonest) (or) zuau khemna (fraudulence) tawh a gamtatna leh thuneihna nei mite in dik tatlohna (or) thukhun tawh kituaklo a gamtatna” hi ci’n ki gen thei hi. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy in “Simguukna i cih pen “gamsung ulian (public officials) in a mau mimal metna ngahna dingin a ukna/thuneihna uh palsatna (abuse) hi” cin let hi. Global Infrastructure Anti-Corruption Center (GIACC) in leitungbup a kizang ding in nekguukna (corruption) i khiatna leh deihna kitei khia, kilet khia a kizui omlo hi ci hi. A hizongin GIACC in nekguukna pen a kocik pen (narrowest sense) leh a tangzai zaw (wider sense) in kimu thei hi ci’n na khenkhia hi.
A kocik pen (narrowest sense) a kimu thei nekguukna in golhgukna (bribery) hi a, a kithei thamlo tawh a kibat hangin khotang nuntakna (society) sungah a piang tam penpen khat a hihi. A tangzai zaw a kimuh thei nekguukna sungah golhgukna (bribery) kihel in vauna zanga suhna (extortion), zuau khemna (fraud), thuman lo a van man tanna (Cartels), thuneihna palsatna (abuse of power), zatna ding mun lo a sum zatna (embezzlement) leh sum sawpna (money laundering) cihte kihel hi. Kammal dangkhat tawh nekguukna (corruption) kici a tangzai zaw in a khiatna leh a deihna a gen ding hi leng khialhna (criminal offense), khemna (deception), seelna (concealment), thudiklo pi a met ngahna (illegal profit), mikhat i supna ding bawlna (financial loss) cih thute en in zong kigen thei hi.
United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) in nekguukna (corruption) i khiatna leh deihna a let/tei khiat lianloh hangin nekguukna khiatna leh deihna nei a kisang ding thu manlo gamtatna (illegal actions/ offenses) pen hih a nuai a bangin na khung hi. Kumpi nasepna leh mimal nasepna (bribery in public and private sectors) ah golhguk nekna (Article 15,16,21), Kumpi nasepna leh mimal nasepna ah sum kizat lohna ding mun a zatna (embezzlement in public and private sectors- Article 17, 22), depkhumna tawh sumdawnna (trading in influence- Article 18), palsatna tawh na sepna (abuse of function) ( article 19), thumanlo pi a hauhsakna (illegal enrichment- Article 20), sum sawpna (money laundry- Article 23), seelna (concealment -Article 24) leh thutang khaktanna (obstruction of justice - Article 25) cih bang nasepna te pen nekguukna (corruption) hi ci hi.
United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) leh Global Infrastructure Anti-Corruption Center (GIACC) in nekguukna (corruption) in a ciapteh thute hih a nuai a bangin a nonel (detail) zaw deuh in kigen thei hi.
Golhgukna (bribery): A huampi in gen leng, thu nei mi khatpeuh tungah midang khatpeuh in a ma mimal metna/ngahna dingin a hizongin, a mah a hilo midangte metna/ngahna dingin thukhun leh thudik lampi zuilo in sum leh neihsa a sanna/ lakna pen golhguk nekna hi kici thei hi. Gentehna in Pu Galngam in Pu Hangsai tungah a ma mimal, a ma tanau, khuapih tuipihte metna / ngahna dingin paizia ngeina zuilo in sa sin sa lung (sum leh paii) a piakna/sanna namte a hihi. Tua bangin golhguk nekna pen sum tang (cash) zong hi thei a, neih le lam, thu leh la tawh zong kiho simna zong hi thei hi. Tua bangin golhguk nekna, sanna a om tak ciangin thuneihna a nei mite in a mau zuih ding sepziate nawlkhin in deihsak tuamna neihna tawh kizom pah a hih manin thutang lampi kizui nawnlo hi. Golhguk nekna/sanna pen mimal leh mimal kikal, kipawlna (institution) leh kipawlna kikal, kumpi leh mimal kikal ah zong piang thei hi.
Vauna zang a suhna (Extortion): Mi khatpeuh a ma deihna a ngahna dingin midang khatpeuh tungah vauna zangin in sum leh pai, neih le lam kipiaksakna, suhna a hihi. Khat veivei ciangin tua bang suhna/ngetna pen pumpi natna a piangsak ding zah dongin kivauna dong piang thei hi. Thu nei khatpeuh in a hizongin, thunei lo thagum hatna zangin a ma metna ding ngimna tawh sum leh pai nong piak leh “tua hong sepsak ding” or sum leh pai nong piak kei leh “seplo ding” cih bangin genna nam a hihi. Tua banah “na thusim teng” pholak ding cih a vauna zong huam hi. Mi khat in sum leh pai nong piak kei leh na siatna ding hong bawl ding cih namte a hihi.
Zuaukhemna (Fraud): Ziakhemna (deception), selgukna (concealment) zangin mi mimal metna ding, midang metna ding ngimna tawh gamtat kampauna ahihi. Zuaukhemna (Fraud) pen mi khatpeuh in a ma a ding (or) a dang mi khatpeuh in metna leh hamphatna a ngahna dingin thu leh la a manlo zangin mimal khatpeuh, kipawlna (institution) khatpeuh leh kumpi (government) thunei khatpeuh tungah khemna huam hi. Zuaukhemna tuamtuam tampi om a, tuate in:- Nasep ngahna ding (or) Tender ngahna ding a kisam thute neilo na pi’n a nei bang a genna; Nasep siauhna ah a neihloh pilna le siamna a neibang a genna; Kipawlna (or) mimal i neih leh lam a diklo pi a gen in huh ngetna (or) nasep ngetna, a hoih lohna leh siatna thei na pi’n imcipna cihte a kipan nasepna ah a pai ding bangin semlo in thu leh la, sum peh pai selsimna khempeuh zong huam hi.
Thuman lo a van man tanna (Cartel): Sum lei sum zuakna vai ah kipawlna (company) nih leh thum kigul luk in van lei van zang mite (consumers) ding khuallo in na sep theihna (contract) ngahna nasepna, vanman (price), sepsakna (services) te a man tawmno a ngahna dingin vanman tan/sehsakna a hihi. Kipawl khawm a nasem cih pen mite theih dingin a kigen nak leh bel thukhun palsak hi tuanlo hi. A hizongin a simtham a “tua cih ni ei” ci a, a mau bek kiho sim a sum bawlna pen vanman zah a man in kibawl thei nawnlo a, mite a dingin supna leh natna piang sak hi. Gentehna in The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in leitung ah thautui man ding a mau deih bangin ciangtan theihna nam zong ahihi.
Thuneihna palsatna (Abuse of Power): Kumpi sungah ukna thu nei mikhat, minam sung leh biakna sunga mikhat peuh in a ma sep ding a kipia vaipuak (duties) tawh a kileh bulhlam thei kilkel in gamtatna a hizongin, awlmawh lo a gamtatna ahi zongin a sepna nam a hihi. Tua bangin a sep tak ciangin a ma sep ding a kilawmlo nasep a hih man in mipi muanna bei hi. Kumpi sungah Ulian, minam leh biakna sungah makai khat in thuneihna a zat khialhna cih pen:- a guk in contractor nasep neihna, vanlakna company neihna a neih tak ciangin tua mite/ company te metna ding in thuneihna zatna, lawm le gual, tanau mite nasep piak zawkna, za khanna ding leh contract ngahna ding deihsak piakna (nepotism/ cronyism) tungtawn in kilang khia thei hi. Tua ban-ah a ma thu a kizuih theihna dingin khutnuai a nasem mite mawhsiatna (victimizing) leh kosiatna (intimidating) zatna khempeuh zong huamsuak hi.
Sum zat lohna ding mun a zatna (Embezzlement): Sum zatna munlo ding a zatna cih kammal pen nang tung a muanna tawh hong kikemsak sumte a kizatna ding mun a kigelna mun a zanglo in mun dang a mimal metna ding a zatna cihna a hihi. Gentehna in ah, Kumpi na sem ulian khat in gambup mipi sum (fund) pen a kizatna ding mun ah zanglo in a ma mimal sum suahsakna; a ma mimal bank account ah lutsakna; Gam leh minam kipawlna, Biakna pawlpi sungah lubawk makai khatpeuh in pawl sumpi pen a ma mimal bank account sungah kepna/lutsakna cihte zong hih khutkhem neihna ding huam hi. Tua ban-ah sum sazian kem, lai-at (clerk) khat in kipawlna sum, sumpi leh gambup sumte a ma mimal bank ah lutsak masa in tua pan in khasum a piakna zong huam kha lai hi. (Sum donna ah a hang (cause) paulap a kidong a hih leh tua mun a zanglo in a ma mimal a ding inn leh lo, neih leh lam leina ding a zatna zong huam hi)
Sum sawpna (Money Laundry): Khialhna leh thukhun phalna omlo a kingah sumte gambup mipi sungah a kizat theihna dingin lampi khatpeuh zang a nasepna nam a hihi. Kham theih guih theih zuakna pan a hizongin, thukhun leh mihing sia leh pha theihna in a phalloh nasepna pan a ngahna pan a hi zongin sum lom ngahte pen sum nin in kikoih a, tua sumte mipi khut sung a tunna dingin lampi tuamtuam tawh nasepna a hihi. Pawlkhat in tua sumlom pite tawh nasep khatpeuh sem in a hizongin, Bank khat pan in bank dang khat ah a hizongin khin kawikawi in a tawpna ciangin sum siansuahna neih uhhi. Thumanlo lampi zui a nasepna pan a ki ngah sum lompi pen sum siangtho a suah theihna dingin sum sawpna zong nekguukna nam a hihi.
Nekguukna (corruption) i cih pen a bangci mite in koi mun ah sem hiam thei hiam cileng, khentuamna omlo in mimal khempeuh in lampi tuamtuam zangin sem thei hi. Gam leh minam vai nasepna ah a hizongin, biakna sungah nasepna ah ahizongin lukhai makai khempeuh leh mipi nautang in zong palsak thei hi. A diak in Politician, Kumpi uliante (government officials), Ukna nei zaalian mite (public servants), sumbawl mite (business people) leh tangpi tangta (members of the public) khempeuh in zong simguukna bawl thei hi.
Nekguukna i thaman (The costs of corruption)
Rome gam ukna kiamsukna (the decline of the Roman Empire) cih laibu a gelh Ramsay MacMullen in “nekguukna (corruption) leh palsatna (abuses) pen mun khempeuh ah kimu thei hi. Mi khempeuh in a mau mimal metna leh ngahna ding a hih nak leh awlmawh neilo in gamta uhhi. Kumpi ukna sung vaihawmna leh thuneihna kisia cip” a hih manin Roman Empire pen kiam mahmah hi, ci’n na ciamteh hi. Nekguukna (corruption) hangin siatna a om diakna munte pen:
Gam le minam i man piak (Political costs): Kumpi nasem, ukna thunei mi khat in nekguukna (corruption) a neih tak ciangin mipi in i ngah ding a kilawm van (goods) leh donna (services) kingah nawnlo hi. Mimal suahtakna na ngawn ki-awl mawh nawnlo a, thukhun tawh kituak leh kituaklo cih en nawn selo in thunei mite in a mau metna ding be ken in nasem uhhi. Thukhun vaihawmna (the rule of law) omnawn lo cihna a hihi. Mipi in a ngah ding van (goods) leh donna (services) a ngah theihna dingin a luanna (process) pen hun leh sum tampi bei a, thutanna (justice) omlo hi. Police, Doctors leh Kumpi ulian nasem mite in nekguukna a sep uh tak ciangin a thuman zaw mi leh nasep na ah a siamzaw, a hoih zaw mite sangin golhguk piazo zaw mite bek in mun hoih ngah in, thu zo zaw uhhi. Tua bek thamlo in sumhau company lian pipite in a mau tawh kidem pih corporation dangte sangin maipha ngahzaw uh a hih manin mipi khualna bei hi. Mipi kisapna a pia ding leh a kicing sak ding vanbawlna sangin gam kumpi neih company te’ hauh semsem na ding suak hi. Tua hangin gamsung a mipi thalawpna bei in khantohna ding lam sangin mimal metna ding bek kizong ciat hi. A tom in cileng, mimal suahtakna leh thukhun vaihawmna muat cip hi.
Sum lei sumzuakna i man piak (Economic Costs): Nasepna (hoih) leh contract nasep (hoih) peuhmah golhguk nekna zui in mimal leh company tungah a kipiak tak ciangin siangtho tak a kidemna om nawnlo a hih manin mihoih misiam leh a diktat company te’n nasep ngah nawnlo a hih manin nasep silbawlna ah gah hoih gahpha om nawnlo hi. Mipi khantohna dingin lampi kikhak hi. Nekguukna tawh nasepna tangzai semsem leh gambup economy khantohna ding ziakai semsem hi. Tanau kinaina (nepotism), sum golhgukna (bribery), thu manlo a sumlakna (kickback) hang a gam sung puahna ding sum leitawi (loan), contract nasep nate a kipiakna mun peuh ah gam mite leh gamsung khantohna ding thanem den hi. Mi khempeuh in sum zonna ngahna ding lampi hamsa leh kikhak a hih manin hauhsakna zonna ah mikim a ding kong kihong theilo hi. A zawng mite zawng semsem a, a hau mite hau semsem theihna ding bek a hih man in mipi a dingin nuntakna ah liangko kikimna omlo hi.
Khotang nuntakna i man piak (Social Costs): Ukna nei Kumpi Uliante, Makai lukhai mite in nekguukna (corruption) a neih tak ciangin mipi in kumpi leh vaihawmna (institution) tungah muan ngamna kiam hi. Ukna thuneihna leh sumlei sumzuakna vai ah lubawk mite khat leh khak kikal kiho lemna zang a vai kihawmna, tangpi tangta (mipi) theihloh in a tunglam a om mite bek in a simtham in kihawmna tawh na kisem a hih manin mipi phattuamna ding ki masak lo hi. Siamsinna (education), cidamna (health), leh donghu panpihna (social services) tawh kisai sum kizang ding khempeuh pen a ngah ding a kilawm/kisam mite ngahnawnlo in ukna nei ulian leh makai mite deihsak mite bek in ngah a hih manin kitam kimlohna piang hi. Thukhen mangte in thu dik leh thutang tungah thu khen nawnlo a hih manin ukna nei mite leh sum hau mite in thu zo uh a, thuman in gualzo thei nawnlo hi.
Kim leh kiang i man piak (Environmental Costs): Mihing a dingin cidamna leh khansauna a piangsak kim leh pam hoih ngahna ding leh mailam saupi khom nuntakna ding zong nekguukna (corruption) in tampi siasak hi. Gamsung hauhsakna, gamsung a leitung leinuai sum piang khempeuh pen ukna nei ulian leh Lukhai makaite in a mau hunsung a ding bekin a zat tak ciangin mipi leh khangsawnte a dingin siatna tampi tun hi. Gamsung singkung lopa, inn mun logam khempeuh gamkeu suak a hih man in khangsawn mite cidamna ding leh khansauna ding lam khak hi.
Mihing hoihna i man piak (Moral and Civic Virtue Costs): “Hauhna leh sum hau mite a ki thupi sakna khuapi sungah hoihna leh thu dik mite ki thupi simlo hi” ci’n Socrates in na gen hi. Hauhsakna ding, ukna neihna dingin nekguukna (corruption) bek tawh vai a kihawmna mun ah thudik thutang tawh vaihawmna, thu hoih leh gamtat hoihna tawh thukhenna om thei nawnlo hi. Gamtat hoihna kithupi sak nawnlo a, metna ngahna ding bek ki-ul tungsak a hih manin “bang lampi tawh ngah” cih sangin “ngah limlim ding” cih paidan tawh na kisem/ kizong a hih manin mihing lungsim kisia hi. Khialh gamtatna (crimes) bawl ding ki thasial zo nawnlo, hiam gamtat ding ki cizia nawnlo hi. Zuau gen ding (zuau kang, zuau vom) pen a ngeina bangin kisang hi. Mihing khat leh khat nuntakna zong ki thupi sim sak zolo in midang te nuntakna leh suahtakna zong zahtak sakna om zo nawnlo hi. Innkuan sung, khuasung tualsung, gamsung dong ah thu manloh na pen a ngeina bangin kisang a, mai zumna omlo in kisem ziauziau lel hi.
Nekguukna dona leh khawlsakna (Fighting and Curbing Corruption)
Nekguukna (corruption) beina leh khawlsakna ding dona a kalbi masa pen in siangtho taka na sepna (transparency) ahihi. Siangtho tak a nasepna (transparency) hangin kua in (who), bang hangin (why) bang thu ah (what) bang ci bangin (how) bangzah (how much) zangin sem leh bawl hiam cih mikhempeuh in thei hi. Siangtho tak a nasepna pan a kimu khia thu tungtawn in zuih ding (rules), gelna (plans), sepzia (process) leh sepkhiatna (action) bang ci neih ding cih lampi hong lak hi. Nekguukna (corruption) beina ding dona leh nasepna ah ukna nei kumpi (government), gam mi neihsa kipawlna (private sectors), thu kizakna (media), tualsung kipawlna (CSO) leh tangpi tangta (general public) ma pang khop kul hi.
Ukna nei kumpi (Government) in nekguukna (corruption) tawh kisai a dona ding, a khawlsakna ding leh a sem a bawl mite gawtna (punishment) piak theihna ding in gambup thukhun puahphatna tawh ma pangin nasem ding hi.
Mimal neihsa kipawlna (private sectors) in nekguukna (corruption) tawh kisai in maisak lo ding (zero-tolerance) thu meilet bawl ding kisam a, thutang leh thudik tawh vaihawmna kim leh pam (environment) a lapsang na ding ngimna nei thu guipi zuih ding bawl ding hi.
Thu kizakna (Media) in tualsung mite hoihna dingin mun a lak mah bangin ukna nei kumpi (government) leh mimal neihsak kipawlna (private sector) kikal ah nekguukna a om lohna dingin sitna leh buktuahna (check and balance) panmun a mun la in na sem ding hi. Nekguukna (corruption) a beina ding dona ah mipi tungah a kisep ziate sitkhen omlo in zasak ding hi.
Tualsung kipawlna leh gam mite ( CSO and Citizens) in ukna nei kumpi (government) leh mimal neihsa kipawlna (private sector) pualam pan in nekguukna a beina dingin mipi tungah pilpiakna (awareness) nei ding hi. Kumpi uliante, kipawlna lukhai mite in nekguukna a hoihlohna leh siatna a piansaknate nakpi tak in gen ding a, tangpi tangta (mipi) in nekguukna a do utna ding lungsim guan ding hi. Nekguukna a om tak ciangin thu neimite tungah zaksak ding, nekguukna pen a sanzawh huailo a hihna gen ding leh kuamah peuh man in golhgukna piakloh, sanloh ding a hihna tangko ding hi. Tua hileh gam Kumpi nasem mite, kipawlna lukhai mite in a mau sepna tungah diktat tak a sepna leh siangtho tak a sepna banah a mau sep leh bawl tawh kisai in mawhpuakna lakna ding a thupina phawk semsem ding uhhi.
Nekguukna (corruption) a omna mun peuh ah mi khempeuh ( a pia leh a sang mite kihel in) in manpiak (costs) kipia tek hi. Tua manpiak pen mihing a dingin hoihna hilo a, siatna hizaw hi.
Etkakte
1. Miller, Seumas, "Corruption", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/corruption/>.
2. “What Is Corruption.” GIACC, www.giaccentre.org/what-is-corruption/.
3. “Anti-Corruption Module 1 Key Issues: Effects of Corruption.” UNODC, www.unodc.org/e4j/en/anti-corruption/module-1/key-issues/effects-of-corruption.html.
4. “What is corruption?” Transparency International. https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption
Date: August 12, 2020
