Tual Khan Suan (Suanpi)
Leitung gam tampi tak te pen minam khat bek bulphuh a kilam khiat gam hilo a minam tampi teng khawm a kilam khia gam ahih manin gam lam khiat zia leh gam vaihawm zia pen a mau mun leh mual, minam ngeina leh ngaihsutna ( ideology) zui in gam khat leh khat kibang lo hi. Gam pawlkhat ah gam lamkhiatzia ( forms of state) in gam vaihawm zia ( kinds of government) tawh kilemlo, tha kipia tuah lo a hih manin buaina tampi na om thei hi. Democracy gam vaihawm zia tawh gam i kal suan hangin zong, i gam lam khiatzia in democracy tha a piak kei leh i gam ah haksakna tampi om veve hi. Kawlgam ah U Nu hun lai ( parliament hun lai a ci zong om) in i gam pen democracy vaihawmzia tawh i pai hangin i gam lamkhiatzia pen in democracy tha pialo a hih manin kawlgam ah kilemna om tuanlo hi. Tua mah bangin 1965 kum Indonesia gam ah zong Communist gam vaihawm zia deih lohna hangin thuneihna a luhsuah President Suharto in zong “ Demokrasi Pancasila” cih min tawh gam vaihawm a hong kipat hangin a gam lam khiat zia in democracy thapia lo a hih manin a gam uah kilemna om tuan lo hi. Democracy gam vaihawmzia ah zong gam lam khiat zia tawh tha a kipiak tuah kei leh gam leh minam a dingin khantohna leh kilemna om tuan lo hi.
Gam lamkhiat zia
Leitungah minam gam om khempeuh te in gam lamkhiatzia pen hih a nuai a bangin a tuamtuam in kikhen thei hi.
(i) Federal State
(ii) Unitary state
(iii) Quasi-Federal State
(iv) Confederation State cih bangin nam li in kikhen thei hi.
(NB: (iii) leh (iv) na te hih mun ah ka hong gelh nawn kei ding hi)
(i) Federal State
Gam bup hita leh gamke or mun leh mual ( Regional) zui a thu leh la vaihawmna ah tan kikimna leh kilemna ding ngimna leh minam khempeuh in liangko kikimna ding ngimna in thuneihna (power) pen khen nih or tua sang in a tam zaw in khen in vaihawm theihna ding ngimna tawh kilam khia gam te hi deuh hi. Tua bangin Gambup sung pan in gamke or gamkhen bawl theihna dingin minam zui in a hizongin, mun leh mual ( geographically) zui in a hizongin kibawl thei hi. USA pen gamke or gamkhen a bawlna uah mun leh mual zui in bawl uh a, leitunga democracy gam lian pen a hi India ah minam bulphuh in gamke or gam khen na bawl uhhi. Hih Federal State i a thupi pen khat in thuneihna hawmna ( separation of power) a hihi. Gambup tawh kisai thu te ah gambup kumpi ( federal government) zat ding khenkhia in tua lo dang te gamke or gam khen ( state) te zat ding in koih uhhi. Tua bek hi lo, gambup kumpi leh gamke or gamkhen kumpi ( regional government or state government) te zat khop thei concurrent power zong a tuam in koih tuamna om hi. Gentehna: USA , Canada , Switzerland gam te in leitungah federal gamte hi uh a, a etteh huai mahmah a hihi.
(ii) Unitary State
Gamsung or gambup thu leh la khat peuhpeuh ah vaihawmna pen bulpi ( bhaho =center) pan thuneihna or phalna bek tawh kisem thei hi.Mun leh mual zui in thu vaisai ding a kibawl khiat thei tei hangin bulpi pan phalna leh thupiakna te zui bek in na kisem thei hi. Thuneihna pen kihawm cih omlo a hih manin bulpi pan thu piakna bek tawh na kisem a hih manin thu leh la pawl khat ah kiallap lo thei hi. Gentehna in France , Denmark gam te leh I kawlgam zong hih Unitary state gam lamkhiat zia tawh kilam khia a hihi.
Gam vaihawmzia
Tuhun leitungah gam vaihawm zia ( kinds of government) tampi omte sung pan in mi deih deuh leh a kizang deuh te bek ka hong gen ding hi.
( i) Responsible Government
Hih gam vaihawm zia pen mi a tam zaw in Democracy ki ukna ci in zong kithei hi. Gambup thuneihna sangpen ( Sovereignty power) pen gam mite tung pan a hong luang khia ci’n kisang hi. Tua a hih manin thuneihna ( power) len dingin mipi te in a mau deih palai te tel thei uhi. Thuneihna pen mipi te kiang pan kipan a hih mah bangin thuneihna len mi te pen mipi te in a deih nawn kei uh leh tawpsak kik thei uh hi. Hih gam vaihawm zia pen nampi nih in kikhen thei hi.
(a) Presidential Type
Gambup ah President sem ding pen gam mipi buppi in a mau deih pen direct in tel uhhi. Gambup vaihawmna ah a kisam thupi nam (3) te a hi, Administrative Power, Legislative Power leh Judicial Power te pen a tuam tek in kikhen a khat leh khat kikai awk sak lo uhhi. Gambup President in Administrative Power bek len a, mipi deih palai te bawlsa Upadi zui in gam uk hi. President in gambup khawnbawl upa ( Cabinet) dingin Congress or Parliament ( khawnbawlna innpi) ah member te la thei lo hi. Congress or Parliament in zong President semte i nasep na ah a lungkim kei uh zongin tawpsak theihna ding thuneihna neilo uh a, tua mah bangin President in zong congress or parliament pen phiat theihna ding thuneihna nei tuanlo hi. I gensa mah bangin Administrative power, legislative power leh Judicial power te a tuam tek a hih hangin Checks and Balance policy tawh khat leh khat ki khuituah sak kik uhhi.
Theih ding: Gam khat ah President a om hangin tua gam pen President Type of Government hi cih pah ding hilo hi.
(b) Cabinet or Parliamentary Type
Gam vaisai ding Prime Minister leh a dan Vuanzi te pen gam bup mipi deihtel palai te tawh kilam khia a hi congress or parliament pan kitel kik a hihi. Thu leh la khat peuh cabinet te thukimna omlo in vai kihawm lo hi. Administrative Power leh Legislative Power pen kikhen tuam tuanlo a, Cabinet te in len khawm uh hi. A hizong in Upadi thak bawlna ding ah Congress pan thukim pih kul veve hi. Judicial Power a hi leh a suakta in kikoih a, cabinet te in zong vasawk thei tuanlo hi. India gam pen President a tuam om hangin Cabinet or Parliamentary gam vaihawmna na zang u hi.
(ii) Ideological Totalitarianism or Totalitarianism Government
Mi khat or Party khat bek in gam bup thuneihna len in mipi te deihna bang hiam cih pen thupi sa masa lo hi. Gam mipi te deihna leh tua gam vaihawm te deihna a kituak kei leh tua mite pen kumpi langpan mite cih minvawh uhhi. Gambup ah kitelna a kineih tei hangin mipi te in suakta tak in deih tel theihna hilo a, gam vaihawmna nei te phal party or mi khat tel na ding a kinei a hih manin mipi deihna bangin piang tuanlo hi. Hih Ideological Totalitarianism suagah hih a nuai a bangin nam pi nih in kikhen thei hi.
(a) Fascistic Type leh
(b) Communistic Type.
(a) Fascistic Type pen minam khat in minam dang te sangin manpha zaw, thupi zaw cih upna a khengval a sanna pan a hong piang khia a hihi. Gambup pen thupi bawl mahmah uh a, mihing pumpi bangin koih uh a, gam mipi te pen pumpi kisapna te a kicing sak ding a kahiang te bangin koih uhhi. Gam mipi te in gambup a ding in mawhpuakna nei uh a, a hizong in gambup in gam mipi te a dingin mawhpuakna nei lo hi.
(b) Communistic Type pen Karl Mark thu hilhna bulphuhna pan hong piang khia a hihi. Gambup pen nasem mi (workers) te a ding: set zung ( industries) leh nasepna mun tuamtuam te pen nasem ten nei ding cih hi a, tua pan a kingah metna pen a kikim in hawm ding cih thu bulphuh a hihi. Tua bang upna pan lam pial kha mite mi ciampel ci uh a, gam langpan mite ci uh hi. Tu laitak in China leh Cuba te zong hi gam vaihawm zia mah na zang lai uhhi.
Kawl gam a ding gam lam khiat zia leh gam vaihawm zing ding e leh:
I gensa bangin gam lam khiatzia leh gam vaihawmzia te khat leh khat tha a kipiak tuah kei leh gam sungah buaina bei tuanlo hi. Nidang a USSR gam pen a kilam khiat zia ah Federal State a hihangin gam vaihawm zia pen Communistic Type of Government a hih manin gam sungah kilemna sangin kikekna piang zaw hi. A kilem lo leh a kituak lo pi paidan a zat manun gam sung cidam lo hi.
Abeisa i Kawlgam ah zong U Nu hun lai in gam khiat zia pen Unitary state hi a, gam vaihawm zia pen Democracy a hih hangin gam sungah buaina bei tuanlo hi. A kilemlo leh tha a kipia lo paidan kigawm a hih manin gam sungah ki muh khialhna tampi om zaw hi. Democracy hi na pi, gam lam khiat zia ah unitary state a hih manin vaihawmna pen bulpi pan bek thupiakna bek kingak a hihi.
I Kawlgam dinmun tawh kituak pen dingin gam lamkhiat zia pen Federal state hi dinga , gam vaihawm zia pen Parliamentary Democracy hi ding hi. Centralization gam vaihawmna nuai ah Federal state tawh gam i lam khiat hangin nungta zolo hi.
Bang hangin Federal state tawh gam lam khia ding?
I Kawlgam pen multi-nations state a hih manin minam tuamtuam te in amau ngeina, leh minam vai ah mi nam dang sep sangin a mau sep deih zaw uhi. A mau mah in kemcing leh zun ut zaw uh hi. Tua bek hi lo in kawlgam sung a om minam te pen a bei sa in a suakta vive minam hi a, kumpi khat vaihawmna nuai ah om khawm ngei minam hilo uhi.
Bang hangin Parliamentary Type of Government ci se?
A tunga i gensa mah bangin Kawlgam pen minam tampi tenna gam a hih manin tua minam te sungah zong minam lian leh minam neu cih om lai hi. Minam lian te mimal (population) leh minam neu te mimal (population) pen a zah tampi in kikhia hi. Presidential Type of Government tawh gam vaihawm hi leng gam bup President ding pen mimal tawm minam te in a ngah ding sangin minam tam minam te in a ngah det ding hun hoih tamzaw hi. Minam neu te in vaihawmna a kihel zawh ding hamsa ding hi.
Parliamentary Type of Government ah pen gam bup vaihawm ding Cabinet te pen mipi deih palai te tawh kibawl congress or parliament ah kiphuan kik a hih manin minam neu te in zong gamsung vaihawmna ah direct a kihel theihna ding kong kihong hoihzaw hi. Tua bek hilo, gamsung vaihawm cabinet te in vaihawm khialhna or mipi te in a deih nawn kei leh a mau term a bei nailoh hangin kikhawl sak theihna ding congress palai te in thuneihna nei hi. Presidential Type of Government ah tua bangin kholsak theihna ding congress in thuneihna nei lo hi.
March 12/2006
Leitung gam tampi tak te pen minam khat bek bulphuh a kilam khiat gam hilo a minam tampi teng khawm a kilam khia gam ahih manin gam lam khiat zia leh gam vaihawm zia pen a mau mun leh mual, minam ngeina leh ngaihsutna ( ideology) zui in gam khat leh khat kibang lo hi. Gam pawlkhat ah gam lamkhiatzia ( forms of state) in gam vaihawm zia ( kinds of government) tawh kilemlo, tha kipia tuah lo a hih manin buaina tampi na om thei hi. Democracy gam vaihawm zia tawh gam i kal suan hangin zong, i gam lam khiatzia in democracy tha a piak kei leh i gam ah haksakna tampi om veve hi. Kawlgam ah U Nu hun lai ( parliament hun lai a ci zong om) in i gam pen democracy vaihawmzia tawh i pai hangin i gam lamkhiatzia pen in democracy tha pialo a hih manin kawlgam ah kilemna om tuanlo hi. Tua mah bangin 1965 kum Indonesia gam ah zong Communist gam vaihawm zia deih lohna hangin thuneihna a luhsuah President Suharto in zong “ Demokrasi Pancasila” cih min tawh gam vaihawm a hong kipat hangin a gam lam khiat zia in democracy thapia lo a hih manin a gam uah kilemna om tuan lo hi. Democracy gam vaihawmzia ah zong gam lam khiat zia tawh tha a kipiak tuah kei leh gam leh minam a dingin khantohna leh kilemna om tuan lo hi.
Gam lamkhiat zia
Leitungah minam gam om khempeuh te in gam lamkhiatzia pen hih a nuai a bangin a tuamtuam in kikhen thei hi.
(i) Federal State
(ii) Unitary state
(iii) Quasi-Federal State
(iv) Confederation State cih bangin nam li in kikhen thei hi.
(NB: (iii) leh (iv) na te hih mun ah ka hong gelh nawn kei ding hi)
(i) Federal State
Gam bup hita leh gamke or mun leh mual ( Regional) zui a thu leh la vaihawmna ah tan kikimna leh kilemna ding ngimna leh minam khempeuh in liangko kikimna ding ngimna in thuneihna (power) pen khen nih or tua sang in a tam zaw in khen in vaihawm theihna ding ngimna tawh kilam khia gam te hi deuh hi. Tua bangin Gambup sung pan in gamke or gamkhen bawl theihna dingin minam zui in a hizongin, mun leh mual ( geographically) zui in a hizongin kibawl thei hi. USA pen gamke or gamkhen a bawlna uah mun leh mual zui in bawl uh a, leitunga democracy gam lian pen a hi India ah minam bulphuh in gamke or gam khen na bawl uhhi. Hih Federal State i a thupi pen khat in thuneihna hawmna ( separation of power) a hihi. Gambup tawh kisai thu te ah gambup kumpi ( federal government) zat ding khenkhia in tua lo dang te gamke or gam khen ( state) te zat ding in koih uhhi. Tua bek hi lo, gambup kumpi leh gamke or gamkhen kumpi ( regional government or state government) te zat khop thei concurrent power zong a tuam in koih tuamna om hi. Gentehna: USA , Canada , Switzerland gam te in leitungah federal gamte hi uh a, a etteh huai mahmah a hihi.
(ii) Unitary State
Gamsung or gambup thu leh la khat peuhpeuh ah vaihawmna pen bulpi ( bhaho =center) pan thuneihna or phalna bek tawh kisem thei hi.Mun leh mual zui in thu vaisai ding a kibawl khiat thei tei hangin bulpi pan phalna leh thupiakna te zui bek in na kisem thei hi. Thuneihna pen kihawm cih omlo a hih manin bulpi pan thu piakna bek tawh na kisem a hih manin thu leh la pawl khat ah kiallap lo thei hi. Gentehna in France , Denmark gam te leh I kawlgam zong hih Unitary state gam lamkhiat zia tawh kilam khia a hihi.
Gam vaihawmzia
Tuhun leitungah gam vaihawm zia ( kinds of government) tampi omte sung pan in mi deih deuh leh a kizang deuh te bek ka hong gen ding hi.
( i) Responsible Government
Hih gam vaihawm zia pen mi a tam zaw in Democracy ki ukna ci in zong kithei hi. Gambup thuneihna sangpen ( Sovereignty power) pen gam mite tung pan a hong luang khia ci’n kisang hi. Tua a hih manin thuneihna ( power) len dingin mipi te in a mau deih palai te tel thei uhi. Thuneihna pen mipi te kiang pan kipan a hih mah bangin thuneihna len mi te pen mipi te in a deih nawn kei uh leh tawpsak kik thei uh hi. Hih gam vaihawm zia pen nampi nih in kikhen thei hi.
(a) Presidential Type
Gambup ah President sem ding pen gam mipi buppi in a mau deih pen direct in tel uhhi. Gambup vaihawmna ah a kisam thupi nam (3) te a hi, Administrative Power, Legislative Power leh Judicial Power te pen a tuam tek in kikhen a khat leh khat kikai awk sak lo uhhi. Gambup President in Administrative Power bek len a, mipi deih palai te bawlsa Upadi zui in gam uk hi. President in gambup khawnbawl upa ( Cabinet) dingin Congress or Parliament ( khawnbawlna innpi) ah member te la thei lo hi. Congress or Parliament in zong President semte i nasep na ah a lungkim kei uh zongin tawpsak theihna ding thuneihna neilo uh a, tua mah bangin President in zong congress or parliament pen phiat theihna ding thuneihna nei tuanlo hi. I gensa mah bangin Administrative power, legislative power leh Judicial power te a tuam tek a hih hangin Checks and Balance policy tawh khat leh khat ki khuituah sak kik uhhi.
Theih ding: Gam khat ah President a om hangin tua gam pen President Type of Government hi cih pah ding hilo hi.
(b) Cabinet or Parliamentary Type
Gam vaisai ding Prime Minister leh a dan Vuanzi te pen gam bup mipi deihtel palai te tawh kilam khia a hi congress or parliament pan kitel kik a hihi. Thu leh la khat peuh cabinet te thukimna omlo in vai kihawm lo hi. Administrative Power leh Legislative Power pen kikhen tuam tuanlo a, Cabinet te in len khawm uh hi. A hizong in Upadi thak bawlna ding ah Congress pan thukim pih kul veve hi. Judicial Power a hi leh a suakta in kikoih a, cabinet te in zong vasawk thei tuanlo hi. India gam pen President a tuam om hangin Cabinet or Parliamentary gam vaihawmna na zang u hi.
(ii) Ideological Totalitarianism or Totalitarianism Government
Mi khat or Party khat bek in gam bup thuneihna len in mipi te deihna bang hiam cih pen thupi sa masa lo hi. Gam mipi te deihna leh tua gam vaihawm te deihna a kituak kei leh tua mite pen kumpi langpan mite cih minvawh uhhi. Gambup ah kitelna a kineih tei hangin mipi te in suakta tak in deih tel theihna hilo a, gam vaihawmna nei te phal party or mi khat tel na ding a kinei a hih manin mipi deihna bangin piang tuanlo hi. Hih Ideological Totalitarianism suagah hih a nuai a bangin nam pi nih in kikhen thei hi.
(a) Fascistic Type leh
(b) Communistic Type.
(a) Fascistic Type pen minam khat in minam dang te sangin manpha zaw, thupi zaw cih upna a khengval a sanna pan a hong piang khia a hihi. Gambup pen thupi bawl mahmah uh a, mihing pumpi bangin koih uh a, gam mipi te pen pumpi kisapna te a kicing sak ding a kahiang te bangin koih uhhi. Gam mipi te in gambup a ding in mawhpuakna nei uh a, a hizong in gambup in gam mipi te a dingin mawhpuakna nei lo hi.
(b) Communistic Type pen Karl Mark thu hilhna bulphuhna pan hong piang khia a hihi. Gambup pen nasem mi (workers) te a ding: set zung ( industries) leh nasepna mun tuamtuam te pen nasem ten nei ding cih hi a, tua pan a kingah metna pen a kikim in hawm ding cih thu bulphuh a hihi. Tua bang upna pan lam pial kha mite mi ciampel ci uh a, gam langpan mite ci uh hi. Tu laitak in China leh Cuba te zong hi gam vaihawm zia mah na zang lai uhhi.
Kawl gam a ding gam lam khiat zia leh gam vaihawm zing ding e leh:
I gensa bangin gam lam khiatzia leh gam vaihawmzia te khat leh khat tha a kipiak tuah kei leh gam sungah buaina bei tuanlo hi. Nidang a USSR gam pen a kilam khiat zia ah Federal State a hihangin gam vaihawm zia pen Communistic Type of Government a hih manin gam sungah kilemna sangin kikekna piang zaw hi. A kilem lo leh a kituak lo pi paidan a zat manun gam sung cidam lo hi.
Abeisa i Kawlgam ah zong U Nu hun lai in gam khiat zia pen Unitary state hi a, gam vaihawm zia pen Democracy a hih hangin gam sungah buaina bei tuanlo hi. A kilemlo leh tha a kipia lo paidan kigawm a hih manin gam sungah ki muh khialhna tampi om zaw hi. Democracy hi na pi, gam lam khiat zia ah unitary state a hih manin vaihawmna pen bulpi pan bek thupiakna bek kingak a hihi.
I Kawlgam dinmun tawh kituak pen dingin gam lamkhiat zia pen Federal state hi dinga , gam vaihawm zia pen Parliamentary Democracy hi ding hi. Centralization gam vaihawmna nuai ah Federal state tawh gam i lam khiat hangin nungta zolo hi.
Bang hangin Federal state tawh gam lam khia ding?
I Kawlgam pen multi-nations state a hih manin minam tuamtuam te in amau ngeina, leh minam vai ah mi nam dang sep sangin a mau sep deih zaw uhi. A mau mah in kemcing leh zun ut zaw uh hi. Tua bek hi lo in kawlgam sung a om minam te pen a bei sa in a suakta vive minam hi a, kumpi khat vaihawmna nuai ah om khawm ngei minam hilo uhi.
Bang hangin Parliamentary Type of Government ci se?
A tunga i gensa mah bangin Kawlgam pen minam tampi tenna gam a hih manin tua minam te sungah zong minam lian leh minam neu cih om lai hi. Minam lian te mimal (population) leh minam neu te mimal (population) pen a zah tampi in kikhia hi. Presidential Type of Government tawh gam vaihawm hi leng gam bup President ding pen mimal tawm minam te in a ngah ding sangin minam tam minam te in a ngah det ding hun hoih tamzaw hi. Minam neu te in vaihawmna a kihel zawh ding hamsa ding hi.
Parliamentary Type of Government ah pen gam bup vaihawm ding Cabinet te pen mipi deih palai te tawh kibawl congress or parliament ah kiphuan kik a hih manin minam neu te in zong gamsung vaihawmna ah direct a kihel theihna ding kong kihong hoihzaw hi. Tua bek hilo, gamsung vaihawm cabinet te in vaihawm khialhna or mipi te in a deih nawn kei leh a mau term a bei nailoh hangin kikhawl sak theihna ding congress palai te in thuneihna nei hi. Presidential Type of Government ah tua bangin kholsak theihna ding congress in thuneihna nei lo hi.
March 12/2006
