Tual Khan Suan ( Suanpi)
Kitelna in gam leh minam khantohna, kilemna ngahna ding lampi hong hilh ding or hong paipih ding makai muanhuai a hong piak theih mah bangin siatna leh kiamsukna lampi ah hong paipih ding makai zong hong pia thei hi. Kitel zia pen Democracy vaihawmna i zungpi khat hi a, a hizongin kitel zia khempeuh in Democracy khansauna dingin thapia khin tuanlo hi. Tua bek hilo in kitelna pan a cing makai khempeuh pen mipi a tam zaw te deih makai hi tuanlo thei hi. Cihnopna ah tua kitelna pan a, a cing makai or mi pawlkhat te i vote ( me) ngah zah vekpi pen mipi buppi i vote a lang zong ngahlo thei hi. Makai ding a telcing a om mi te vote ngah zah vekpi sangin a thelthang vote pen tamzaw thei hi.Tua a hih manin makai ding i telna ah mipi a tamzaw te deih makai i ngah theihna dingin kitel zia (electoral systems) hoih i zat ding kisam pen hi. Mipi a tamzaw te i deihna a ngah makai te bek in zong mipi te a hoih zaw in makaih zo zaw ding hi.
Kitel zia ( electoral systems) hoih leh i minam tawh kituak pen ding kitel zia i etkak theihna dingin tuhuh leitungah kizang kitel zia tuamtuam om te lak ah tawm ka hong pulak hi. Tua kitel zia tuamtuam te pen nampi thum (3) in kikhen thei hi. Tua nampi (3) sung pan in a kinai huai teng gawm khawm in leh a nuai sawn ah nam neu kua (9) in ki khen khia kik thei leuleu hi. Tua te in:-
1. Plural - Majority systems:
(i) First Past The Post (FPTP)
(ii) Block Vote (BV)
(iii) Alternative Vote (AV)
(iv) Two- Round System (TRS)
2. Semi- Propotional Systems:
(i) Parallel System (PS)
(ii) Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)
3. Proportional Systems:
(i) List Proportional Representative (LPR)
(ii) Mixed Member Proportional (MPP)
(iii) Single Transferable Vote (STV)
1. Plural-Majority Systems
(i) First Past The Post (FPTP)
Hih kitel zia ah a kidem palai te sung pan in vote ( me) tam a ngah pen mi in kitelna ah a zo a hihi. Pan mun khat or Constituency khat ah palai nih sanga tam zaw kidem thei hi. Mipi te in tua a kidem palai te sung pan in a deih pen palai khat bek vote pia thei or tel thei hi. Hih kitel zia ah a gualzo palai in a kidem palai te sangin vote tam ngah zaw a hih hangin mipi te vote khempeuh i a lang sanga tamzaw ngah kisam tektek tuanlo hi.
Gentehna: 1993 kum May kha a ki nei Philippines gam ah President dinga telcing a om Fedel Ramos in a kidem pih midang palai sagih (7) te sung pan mipi buppi i vote 24% tawh kitelna ah zo hi. Hih kitel zia pen India leh UK gam te ah zong kizang hi.
(ii) Block Vote
Hih kitel zia ah palai khat sang tamzaw ( a kidem palai tam thei ) na mun awng te ah kizang hi. Mipi te in vote (me) khat bek hi lo in, a kidem palai tang'mi pha zahzah vote tawi or nei thei hi. Mipi te in a kidem palai te sung pan in mimal in a hizongin, Party bulphuh in a hizongin a mau deih penpen leh a mau deih zah vote pia thei hi.Vote sim zia pen FPTP kitel zia tawh kibang a, vote tam ngah penpen a zo a hihi.
Gentehna : 1997 kum June kha ciang dong pen Palestine thunei kitelna, Lao gam, Thailand te ah kizang hi. 1989 kum in Jordan gam, 1992 kum in Mongolia gam te ah a kizat hangin thu nung buaina tam a hih manin a gam nih un khel kik uh hi.
(iii) Alternative Vote (AV)
Hih kitel zia ah a kidem palai te sung pan in mipi buppi i vote lak pan 50% a ngah palai pen bek a zo a hihi. Mipi te in a mau deih palai pen bek tel ziau hilo a, a tel palai te uh deih khat na pen numbat 1 na ah, deih nihna pen numbat 2 na ah, deih thumna pen numbat 3 na ah cih bangin gual suk uh hi. Vote sim ciangin deih khatna or numbat khatna a kitel palai in mipi buppi i vote sung pan 50% val a ngah kei leh vote tawm pen ngah palai pen vote simna pan kikhawl sak a, tua palai i ngah ballot ( metang) tung a om deih neihna or numbat nihna palai pen a dang palai te vote ah kibeh lap sak hi. Hih bang simzia tawh a kidem palai te sung pan mipi buppi i vote sung pan 50% val a ngah palai a om dong kisem to hi. Tua hi a, hih kitel zia ah vote sim masakna tawh tel cing dinga lam-etna om tamlo mimal tawm zaw te a dingin vote sim nihna hangin palai numbat khatna pen zo kik thei hi. Tua a hih manin hih kitel zia pen minam neu tamna leh kilam danna tamna mite lak a zat dingin hoih mahmah hi.
Gentehna: Australia gam ah Inndei nuainung ( House of Representatives) kitelna ah hih kitel zia ki zang a, a taktak in tua mun a tut theihna ding telcingna ngahna ding haksatna tampi a om minam neu te a dingin phattuamna tampi om hi. 1997 kum in Nauru gam Parliamentary kitelna ah zong hih kitel zia na zang uh hi.
(iv) Two-Round System(TRS)
Hih kitel zia ah kitelna khatvei bawlna sungah mipi buppi i vote 50% val ngah palai a om kei leh kitelna nih veina ki bawl kik hi. Tua a hih manin hih kitel zia pen runoff ( vote 50% ngah palai om lo a hih manin tel kikna) or double-ballot ( Metang nih piak theihna) ci in kithei zaw hi. Tua bangin kitelna neivei na pen ki telna masa a kineih khit nipi kal khat or kal nih ciangin ki nei kik hi. A zenzen in a kidem palai khat peuh in kitelna khatvei na tawh mipi buppi i vote 50% val a ngah leh a nihvei na kitelna bawl kik kul nawnlo hi. A nih vei kitelna bawlkik zia tawh kisai in gam khat leh khat a bawl zia a kilam dan hangin a ki tamzat pen in a khat vei kitelna ah vote tam pen a ngah mi nih bek kidem sak kik hi. Vote sim zia pen FPTP kitel zia a vote sim tawh kibang a, mipi buppi i vote a tamzaw ( absolute majority) a ngah palai pen a zo a hihi.
Gentehna: France gam ah President ding kitelna pen hih kitel zia tawh nei hi. Tua banah France i thuneihna nuai gam a hingei Central African Republic, Congo, Mali, Togo gamte ah zong kizang hi.
2. Semi- Propotional System
(i) Parallel System (PS)
Hih kitel zia pen 1990 kum masa lam a kibawl khia hi a, tulai takin gam (20) khawng ah kizang hi. Hih kitel zia pen vote tam ngah pen a zo (straight plurality-majority) leh hawmkim palai telna (Propotional Representation) te gel kigawm khawm a hihi. (*Propotional Representation pen a nung ah en in) Mipi te in vote nih khia thei a, mun leh mual zui a deih palai leh gam bup huam a deih party te a nih in vote pia khawm thei hi. Hih kitel zia sungah " A tam ngahpen a zo" kitel zia tawh a gual zolo party neu te a dingin " hawmkim palai telna" hangin a mau mun te ah a mau palai ding a kipia sa te ngah veve hi.
Gentehna: Japan gamah khawnbawlna Innpi ( Parliament) a tuding palai pen hih kitel zia tawh kitel hi. Russia gam ah zong hih kitel zia mah kizang hi.
(ii)Single Non-Trasferrable Vote(SNTV)
Hih kitel zia ah panmun or constituency khat ah palai pen khat sangin tamzaw ding a, mipi te in vote khat bek pia thei ding hi. A kidem palai te sung pan in tua panmun or constituency a ding a kipia or seh zah tung lam pan a tam pen teng a zo a hihi. Cih nopna ah panmun or constituency khat ah palai (4) tel ding kisehna sung pan palai khat tek in tua mun ah gual zawhna a ngah na dingin mipi vote 25% val deuh a ngah ding bek kisam hi.
Gentehna : Hih kitel zia pen Jordan leh Vanuatu gam te ah Parliamentary kitelna ah a hizongin , Taiwan gam Parliament a tuding palai 161 a om sung pan 125 telna ah a hizongin 1948 leh 1993 kum sung tengin Japan gam Inndei Nuainung ( House of Representatives) telna te ah a hizongin kizang hi.
3. Proportional Representation System:
(i) List Proportional Representation( LPR)
Hih kitelna pen mimal palai bulphuh a kitelna hi lo a, party bulphuh a kitelna a hihi. Party khempeuh in a mau party pan palai khempeuh pen mipi theih dingin pulak tek ding hi. Mipi te in party khat bek vote pia thei hi. Tua ciangin party khat tekin, gambup huam a, a vote ngah zah uh tawh kizui in khuaitan (quota) palai kipia hi. Tua a hih manin minam kibang lo democracy gam thak te ah gambup khawnbawlna innpi a tu ding palai te pen party namkim in ngah thei hi.
Gentehna : 1994 kum South Africa gam Parliament kitelna ah mivom 52% ( tua mivom sungah minam neu:- ZULU 11% leh a dang minam neu a hi Xhosa, Sotho, Venda, Tswana, Pedi, Swazi, Shangaan Esifh Ndebele ten a om lai teng hawm), mikang 32% ( English 1/3 leh African 2/3) minam dang khempeuh 7% leh Indian 8% te peh hih List PR tawh kitel hi. Finland gam ah zong hih kitelna kizang hi.
(ii) Mixed Member Proportional (MPP)
Hih kitel zia pen Mojoritarian leh Proportional Representation kitel zia te kigawm khawm a hihi. Parliament a tuding palai tang'mi khenkhat pen Majoritarian kitel zia taawh kitel a, a dang khenkhat pen PR kitel zia tawh kitel hi. Party neu te in Majoritarian kitel zia tawh palai tang'mi ding telcingna a ngah zoloh hangin gambup mipi vote 10% a ngah leh Paliament ah tu ding palai tang'mi panmun 10% ngah thei hi.
Gentehna: 1997 kum in Germany gam ah Palai tang'mi 656 a omna sung pan 328 or 50% pen PR kitelzia tawh a hizongin, 328 or 50% pen Plurality-Majority seat tawh a hizongin kitel hi. Italy gam ah zong Parliament palai tang'mi 630 sung pan 155 or 25% pen PR tawh a hizongin, 475 or 75% pen Plurality-Majority Seat tawh a hizongin kitel hi.
(iii) Single Transferrable Vote (STV)
Hih kitel zia pen palai nih sang tamzaw kidem a, a vekpi mah un mipi te in vote pia thei hi. Deih tel masa, nihna, thumna cih bangin gualsuk ding hi. A hizongin mipi te in palai tang'mi khempeuh a vekpi un vote piak tektek kullo hi. A mau deih zah or mi khat bek zong pia thei uh hi.Vote sim zia pen a kiciangtan khuaitan (quota) pen a kidem palai te sung pan deihtel masak vote ( First-Preference Vote) in a ngah pen a zo a hihi. Tua quota pen Fist-Preference Vote a a ngah a om kei leh Alternative Vote a kitel zia mah bangin a kidem palai te sung pan vote tawm pen ngah palai pen vote simna pan kikhawl sak hi.Tua a kikhawlsak palai i vote sunga om deihtel nihna mun ah om palai pen ki en kik a, a omlai palai te vote kisim kik hi.
Gentehna: Ireland gam ah 1990 kum in President dinga kitel cing Mary Robinson pen hih kitelna zia tawh kitel a hihi. Malta gam ah zong hih kitelzia kizang hi.
Laibu Etkak: The International IDEA handbook of Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
November 27,05
Kitelna in gam leh minam khantohna, kilemna ngahna ding lampi hong hilh ding or hong paipih ding makai muanhuai a hong piak theih mah bangin siatna leh kiamsukna lampi ah hong paipih ding makai zong hong pia thei hi. Kitel zia pen Democracy vaihawmna i zungpi khat hi a, a hizongin kitel zia khempeuh in Democracy khansauna dingin thapia khin tuanlo hi. Tua bek hilo in kitelna pan a cing makai khempeuh pen mipi a tam zaw te deih makai hi tuanlo thei hi. Cihnopna ah tua kitelna pan a, a cing makai or mi pawlkhat te i vote ( me) ngah zah vekpi pen mipi buppi i vote a lang zong ngahlo thei hi. Makai ding a telcing a om mi te vote ngah zah vekpi sangin a thelthang vote pen tamzaw thei hi.Tua a hih manin makai ding i telna ah mipi a tamzaw te deih makai i ngah theihna dingin kitel zia (electoral systems) hoih i zat ding kisam pen hi. Mipi a tamzaw te i deihna a ngah makai te bek in zong mipi te a hoih zaw in makaih zo zaw ding hi.
Kitel zia ( electoral systems) hoih leh i minam tawh kituak pen ding kitel zia i etkak theihna dingin tuhuh leitungah kizang kitel zia tuamtuam om te lak ah tawm ka hong pulak hi. Tua kitel zia tuamtuam te pen nampi thum (3) in kikhen thei hi. Tua nampi (3) sung pan in a kinai huai teng gawm khawm in leh a nuai sawn ah nam neu kua (9) in ki khen khia kik thei leuleu hi. Tua te in:-
1. Plural - Majority systems:
(i) First Past The Post (FPTP)
(ii) Block Vote (BV)
(iii) Alternative Vote (AV)
(iv) Two- Round System (TRS)
2. Semi- Propotional Systems:
(i) Parallel System (PS)
(ii) Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)
3. Proportional Systems:
(i) List Proportional Representative (LPR)
(ii) Mixed Member Proportional (MPP)
(iii) Single Transferable Vote (STV)
1. Plural-Majority Systems
(i) First Past The Post (FPTP)
Hih kitel zia ah a kidem palai te sung pan in vote ( me) tam a ngah pen mi in kitelna ah a zo a hihi. Pan mun khat or Constituency khat ah palai nih sanga tam zaw kidem thei hi. Mipi te in tua a kidem palai te sung pan in a deih pen palai khat bek vote pia thei or tel thei hi. Hih kitel zia ah a gualzo palai in a kidem palai te sangin vote tam ngah zaw a hih hangin mipi te vote khempeuh i a lang sanga tamzaw ngah kisam tektek tuanlo hi.
Gentehna: 1993 kum May kha a ki nei Philippines gam ah President dinga telcing a om Fedel Ramos in a kidem pih midang palai sagih (7) te sung pan mipi buppi i vote 24% tawh kitelna ah zo hi. Hih kitel zia pen India leh UK gam te ah zong kizang hi.
(ii) Block Vote
Hih kitel zia ah palai khat sang tamzaw ( a kidem palai tam thei ) na mun awng te ah kizang hi. Mipi te in vote (me) khat bek hi lo in, a kidem palai tang'mi pha zahzah vote tawi or nei thei hi. Mipi te in a kidem palai te sung pan in mimal in a hizongin, Party bulphuh in a hizongin a mau deih penpen leh a mau deih zah vote pia thei hi.Vote sim zia pen FPTP kitel zia tawh kibang a, vote tam ngah penpen a zo a hihi.
Gentehna : 1997 kum June kha ciang dong pen Palestine thunei kitelna, Lao gam, Thailand te ah kizang hi. 1989 kum in Jordan gam, 1992 kum in Mongolia gam te ah a kizat hangin thu nung buaina tam a hih manin a gam nih un khel kik uh hi.
(iii) Alternative Vote (AV)
Hih kitel zia ah a kidem palai te sung pan in mipi buppi i vote lak pan 50% a ngah palai pen bek a zo a hihi. Mipi te in a mau deih palai pen bek tel ziau hilo a, a tel palai te uh deih khat na pen numbat 1 na ah, deih nihna pen numbat 2 na ah, deih thumna pen numbat 3 na ah cih bangin gual suk uh hi. Vote sim ciangin deih khatna or numbat khatna a kitel palai in mipi buppi i vote sung pan 50% val a ngah kei leh vote tawm pen ngah palai pen vote simna pan kikhawl sak a, tua palai i ngah ballot ( metang) tung a om deih neihna or numbat nihna palai pen a dang palai te vote ah kibeh lap sak hi. Hih bang simzia tawh a kidem palai te sung pan mipi buppi i vote sung pan 50% val a ngah palai a om dong kisem to hi. Tua hi a, hih kitel zia ah vote sim masakna tawh tel cing dinga lam-etna om tamlo mimal tawm zaw te a dingin vote sim nihna hangin palai numbat khatna pen zo kik thei hi. Tua a hih manin hih kitel zia pen minam neu tamna leh kilam danna tamna mite lak a zat dingin hoih mahmah hi.
Gentehna: Australia gam ah Inndei nuainung ( House of Representatives) kitelna ah hih kitel zia ki zang a, a taktak in tua mun a tut theihna ding telcingna ngahna ding haksatna tampi a om minam neu te a dingin phattuamna tampi om hi. 1997 kum in Nauru gam Parliamentary kitelna ah zong hih kitel zia na zang uh hi.
(iv) Two-Round System(TRS)
Hih kitel zia ah kitelna khatvei bawlna sungah mipi buppi i vote 50% val ngah palai a om kei leh kitelna nih veina ki bawl kik hi. Tua a hih manin hih kitel zia pen runoff ( vote 50% ngah palai om lo a hih manin tel kikna) or double-ballot ( Metang nih piak theihna) ci in kithei zaw hi. Tua bangin kitelna neivei na pen ki telna masa a kineih khit nipi kal khat or kal nih ciangin ki nei kik hi. A zenzen in a kidem palai khat peuh in kitelna khatvei na tawh mipi buppi i vote 50% val a ngah leh a nihvei na kitelna bawl kik kul nawnlo hi. A nih vei kitelna bawlkik zia tawh kisai in gam khat leh khat a bawl zia a kilam dan hangin a ki tamzat pen in a khat vei kitelna ah vote tam pen a ngah mi nih bek kidem sak kik hi. Vote sim zia pen FPTP kitel zia a vote sim tawh kibang a, mipi buppi i vote a tamzaw ( absolute majority) a ngah palai pen a zo a hihi.
Gentehna: France gam ah President ding kitelna pen hih kitel zia tawh nei hi. Tua banah France i thuneihna nuai gam a hingei Central African Republic, Congo, Mali, Togo gamte ah zong kizang hi.
2. Semi- Propotional System
(i) Parallel System (PS)
Hih kitel zia pen 1990 kum masa lam a kibawl khia hi a, tulai takin gam (20) khawng ah kizang hi. Hih kitel zia pen vote tam ngah pen a zo (straight plurality-majority) leh hawmkim palai telna (Propotional Representation) te gel kigawm khawm a hihi. (*Propotional Representation pen a nung ah en in) Mipi te in vote nih khia thei a, mun leh mual zui a deih palai leh gam bup huam a deih party te a nih in vote pia khawm thei hi. Hih kitel zia sungah " A tam ngahpen a zo" kitel zia tawh a gual zolo party neu te a dingin " hawmkim palai telna" hangin a mau mun te ah a mau palai ding a kipia sa te ngah veve hi.
Gentehna: Japan gamah khawnbawlna Innpi ( Parliament) a tuding palai pen hih kitel zia tawh kitel hi. Russia gam ah zong hih kitel zia mah kizang hi.
(ii)Single Non-Trasferrable Vote(SNTV)
Hih kitel zia ah panmun or constituency khat ah palai pen khat sangin tamzaw ding a, mipi te in vote khat bek pia thei ding hi. A kidem palai te sung pan in tua panmun or constituency a ding a kipia or seh zah tung lam pan a tam pen teng a zo a hihi. Cih nopna ah panmun or constituency khat ah palai (4) tel ding kisehna sung pan palai khat tek in tua mun ah gual zawhna a ngah na dingin mipi vote 25% val deuh a ngah ding bek kisam hi.
Gentehna : Hih kitel zia pen Jordan leh Vanuatu gam te ah Parliamentary kitelna ah a hizongin , Taiwan gam Parliament a tuding palai 161 a om sung pan 125 telna ah a hizongin 1948 leh 1993 kum sung tengin Japan gam Inndei Nuainung ( House of Representatives) telna te ah a hizongin kizang hi.
3. Proportional Representation System:
(i) List Proportional Representation( LPR)
Hih kitelna pen mimal palai bulphuh a kitelna hi lo a, party bulphuh a kitelna a hihi. Party khempeuh in a mau party pan palai khempeuh pen mipi theih dingin pulak tek ding hi. Mipi te in party khat bek vote pia thei hi. Tua ciangin party khat tekin, gambup huam a, a vote ngah zah uh tawh kizui in khuaitan (quota) palai kipia hi. Tua a hih manin minam kibang lo democracy gam thak te ah gambup khawnbawlna innpi a tu ding palai te pen party namkim in ngah thei hi.
Gentehna : 1994 kum South Africa gam Parliament kitelna ah mivom 52% ( tua mivom sungah minam neu:- ZULU 11% leh a dang minam neu a hi Xhosa, Sotho, Venda, Tswana, Pedi, Swazi, Shangaan Esifh Ndebele ten a om lai teng hawm), mikang 32% ( English 1/3 leh African 2/3) minam dang khempeuh 7% leh Indian 8% te peh hih List PR tawh kitel hi. Finland gam ah zong hih kitelna kizang hi.
(ii) Mixed Member Proportional (MPP)
Hih kitel zia pen Mojoritarian leh Proportional Representation kitel zia te kigawm khawm a hihi. Parliament a tuding palai tang'mi khenkhat pen Majoritarian kitel zia taawh kitel a, a dang khenkhat pen PR kitel zia tawh kitel hi. Party neu te in Majoritarian kitel zia tawh palai tang'mi ding telcingna a ngah zoloh hangin gambup mipi vote 10% a ngah leh Paliament ah tu ding palai tang'mi panmun 10% ngah thei hi.
Gentehna: 1997 kum in Germany gam ah Palai tang'mi 656 a omna sung pan 328 or 50% pen PR kitelzia tawh a hizongin, 328 or 50% pen Plurality-Majority seat tawh a hizongin kitel hi. Italy gam ah zong Parliament palai tang'mi 630 sung pan 155 or 25% pen PR tawh a hizongin, 475 or 75% pen Plurality-Majority Seat tawh a hizongin kitel hi.
(iii) Single Transferrable Vote (STV)
Hih kitel zia pen palai nih sang tamzaw kidem a, a vekpi mah un mipi te in vote pia thei hi. Deih tel masa, nihna, thumna cih bangin gualsuk ding hi. A hizongin mipi te in palai tang'mi khempeuh a vekpi un vote piak tektek kullo hi. A mau deih zah or mi khat bek zong pia thei uh hi.Vote sim zia pen a kiciangtan khuaitan (quota) pen a kidem palai te sung pan deihtel masak vote ( First-Preference Vote) in a ngah pen a zo a hihi. Tua quota pen Fist-Preference Vote a a ngah a om kei leh Alternative Vote a kitel zia mah bangin a kidem palai te sung pan vote tawm pen ngah palai pen vote simna pan kikhawl sak hi.Tua a kikhawlsak palai i vote sunga om deihtel nihna mun ah om palai pen ki en kik a, a omlai palai te vote kisim kik hi.
Gentehna: Ireland gam ah 1990 kum in President dinga kitel cing Mary Robinson pen hih kitelna zia tawh kitel a hihi. Malta gam ah zong hih kitelzia kizang hi.
Laibu Etkak: The International IDEA handbook of Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
November 27,05
