Tual Khan Suan
Lai gelhsiam te lai gelh i sim ciangin a sung om thute in hong zo thei mahmah a hih manin khat veivei i nuih suak in, khat vei leh i kah suak thei hi. Khat veivei thuhoih thupha om in nuntak pih ding a om bangin, khat veivei a thu bek a theih ding pawlkhat om hi. Lai pawlkhat in a piang taktak (facts) bul phuh a kigelh a om bangin, lai pawlkhat leuleu pen lungngaihna leh muhna (opinions and views) tawh kigelh om thei hi. Pawlkhat pen a beisa thute (history) kiciaptehna tawh kigelh om a, pawlkhat pen phuahtawm bulphuh a kigelh om hi.
Laibu pawlkhat sunga kigelh thute leh a kigen thu pawlkhat pen hiam mahmah a hih manin midangte nuntakna kikhek sak zo ding zah in bun hi. Thu gensiam mite thu gen in zong mi nuntakna kheksak zo hi. Tua hi a, midang khat i nuntakna a kikhel sak zo ding thu gen, lai gelhna na hih manin mite uptheih ding, san theih ding deihna bek tawh thuman lo leh phuah tawm bulphuh a thu gen, laigelhna pen kidop huai mahmah hi.
Fallacies (Thudik kimciang) tawh thu gen pen thu khinkhai tektek masa lo mite a dingin thu manlo pi meilet a, upkhialh theihding bulphuh a kigen a hih bangmah in, mipawlkhat a dingin up baih leh san baih zaw lai thei hi. A hizongin thu khinkhai mi leh pilna nei mite muhna thu dik kimciang tawh thu gen pen thu laigil kician omlo a phuahtawm thu tawh deihna genna bang bek a hih manin up leh san ding in hamsa hi. Fallacies (thu dik kimciang) zangin thu genna leh lai gelhna pen i nisim nuntakna ah kilim zat mahmah a hih manin pilvang ding kisam hi. Midangte in ei deihna hong thukimpih ding a ut vive i hih manin Fallaciies (thu dik kimciang) zang a thu gen/ laigelhna pen kitam zat mahmah hi. Gentehna in, nisim a kizang laihawm tuamtuam, nisim thu kizakna, advertisement leh laibu tuamtuam te ah zong kilim zat mahmah. A up tak leh a muan huai ding thu genna, lai gelhna i neih theihna dingin a kidop huai thu pawlkhat a nuai ah i pulak hi.
1. Hasty Generalization ( Hoplop thu khensatna)
Khiatna/zatna: Mi pawlkhat (or) thu khenkhat bek bulphuh in, a kicing zolo tehkakna (sample) bek tungtawn in thu khensatna hi. A mah pen tua bang mi, hihbang mel le puam pua nei mi a hih manin a mah tawh kibang mi khempeuh a ma lungsim pua ding leh a ma gamtatna bangin gamta ding uhhi cih ziauna a hihi. Hih bang a thu khupna bawlna pen gim neihna (Stereotype) neihna bulphuh a hihi. Gentehna in, mihau tampi sung panin khat le nih kiliat sak manin mi haute pen kipha sak hi cih tawh thu khupna namte a hihi. Tua ban-ah tua pa/nu pen gilo lua a hih manin a mau tanau/ beh le phung khempeuh gilo ding hi cih tawh thukhupna bawl in, mibup huamsak nopna a hihi. Mihau khat leh nih kiliat sakna hang leh mi khat leh nih i gitlohna hang tawh a mau i beh leh phung khempeuh tua bang ding a muhna tawh thu khupna pen kicing zolo hi.
2. Missing the point (Thu kawng hei khiatna)
Khiatna/ zatna: Deihna tunna ding genna ah thu khensatna bawl theihna dingin thu gen mi (or) laigelh mi i deihna tawh kituak lo a thu kawng hei khiat sak in, thukhupna a hihi. Thusun (X) in thukhupna bawlna dingin a kicing a genciatna om mah tase leh thusun (Y) tawh thukhupna bawl cih bang dan a hihi. Deihna khatpeuh nei a, thu gen leh laigelh tak ciangin mite san theih ding deih luatna tawh a piang thute i genna tungtawn panin, tua gentehna zui a thu kawng hei a thukhupna bawlna a hihi. Gentehna in khua sung ah Guitar band te pen Palik te’n cing in veng den uh a hih manin, a mau sung pan mi khatpeuh in khialhna nei hi ding cih dan hi. Palik te a venna pen Guitar bank te bitna ding hi a, nakgen lua liang a hih manin a hoihlo lam in a deihna taktak pen nawlkhin sakna hi. A dang gentehna khat leuleu ah, hih zatui pen Siavuan te’n nak zatlua a hih manin lau huai hi; tua a hih teh tua zatui pen khamm (illegal) ding kilawm hi cih bang a, zatui i hoihna lam genna pan zatui in mi a siatsak theih ding lam deih kaihna tawh thu khupna bawlna a hihi.
3. Post Hoc or False Cause (A hang manlo paulap zonna )
Khiatna/ Zatna: Thu piang nih pen a kizom in piang hi. Thupiang khat a pian khit ciangin thudang khat piang lian a hih manin tua a piang thu pen a piang masa hang hi, cih tawh thukhupna bawlna ahi hi. Thu piang (X) a piang khit teh thupiang (Y) in a kizom in piang pah a hih manin thupiang (Y) pen thupiang (X) hang a piang hi ci a khiatna ahi hi. Gentehna in mi khat in ciamnuih a bawl ciangin mi pawlkhat demdem a hih manin kamsiatna a tuah tak ciangin, a ciamnuih bawlna a, a mi demdem hang hi cih ngawhna a hihi. Gentehna dang khat ah bawlung team a kihel mite pen Volleyball team a kihel mite sangin laivuanna ah mi tam in ong zaw a hih manin bawlung kimawl na in pilna hong pia zaw hi cih dan tawh khupna bawlna a hihi. Thankik si zong paulap beilo a cih bangin, thu hoih thu sia khat a piang ciangin a hang manlo paulak khatpeuh tawh thukhupna bawlna a hihi.
4. Slippery Slope (Paulap zonna)
Khiatna/Zatna: A neuno khat kikhelna, sepna leh seplohna paulap in siatna lianpi tung sak ding hi cih tawh thukhupna bawlna hi. A kipat tungna a hi (A pan) a i khel pah leh a tawpna ah (Z dong) hong kheksuak ding a hih manin (A pen) khek huai/lo hi cih dan hi. Ciamnuihna ah kigen a hi “hon ci pheiphei… cih dan a, a pheiphei ding launa ahihi. Thubuai khat a pian tak ciangin tua thu buai pen vengsak ding sangin tua thubuai pan in thu dang khat a pian ding cih tawh laih in behlap gawpna a hihi. A hizongin tua bang thu hoihlo te piang ding cih kiciang sinsen a gen theih a hih loh hangin mite in lungsim lakna dingin a thu golsak gawpna dan hi. Gentehna in nu le nu, pa le pa kiten sak ding phalna i piak le a tawptawp ciangin mihingte in a ma pianna nu/pa leh ganhingte na ngawn tawh kitenna ding phalsak kul ding hi cih dan a liat sak gawpna a hihi. Nu leh nu kitenna, pa leh pa kitenna a hoih lohna gen ding sangin a kisai kilkello thu laklut a thu golsakna a hihi.
5. False Dilemma: (Lak khialhna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Buaina khat peuh a ven theihna dingin lampi nih bek tel theih ding om hi cih dan a lakna a hihi. Tua dan hi leh leh tua bang piang ding a hih manin sia huai zaw lai ding hi cihna tawh thu sunna a hihi. Gentehna in Zomi te sungah biakna Saptuam or pawlpi/ kipawlna tuamtuam tampi a omna pen hoihsakna gen lua zaw in “zu sai, leh kham theih sai” khong tampi a pian sangin hoih zaw hi cih tawh thu genna a hihi. A taktak in Saptuam tampi piang ta kei leh Zomi te’n zu sai hong ngeingai ding cihna hi peuh mah lo a, Saptuam a pian loh hangin Zu sai zong om tuanlo thei lai hi. Saptuam tampi a om man a Zu sai a omlo dan a genna hi a, mite lungsim hei pakna a hihi.
6. Ad hominem attack: (Mimal dona)
Khiatna/Zatna: Thu le la genna ah, a thu sangin a mimal a langdona, kapna a hihi. A thusun pen gen khalo in a mimal in nuntakna leh innkuan vai peuh tawh demna leh kona a hihi. Mikhat in thu leh la gen leh, tua mi pen i a beisa nuntakna (a zawnna, a hauhna, a mawlna leh a hoihlohna) tawh gen khawm in thu zawh sawmna thu genna a hihi. Gentehna in Zomi te sungah Pasian thu a um thak mi khat in Lungdamna thu (Gospel) gen ding a kipat ciangin tua nu/tua pa te khong a beisa in tua bang mi hi, tua ci gamtat hi cih tawh mimal dona leh kona tawh langpanna hi a, Lungdamna thu (Gospel) vai ah bang ci gen, a man leh a manloh et kak ding don nawnlo hi. Khua le tui a ding gelna hoih nei khat in nasep a kipat sawm ciangin a ma i gelna etsak masa lo pi in, tua mi pa/ mi nu te khong “tua ci, kha ci” cih tawh a nasepna sangin a mimal kapna tawh do dalna a hihi.
7. Bandwagon: (Huu zaapna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Mi a tam zaw in zong hoih sa leh mipi te huzapna hang pen a man dang a sanna a hihi. Mipi huzapna hangin a thu paipi leh a om thu en nawnlo in mipi te cih bangbang tawh mansakna a hihi. Hun khat lai in mipi in leitung pen a peek (flat) hi ci’n sang a hih manin, thu man bangin kisang a, leitung beem (round) hi a ci masa pen na ngawn kithat liang hi. A taktak in leitung pen peek (flat) hi a ci mi a tam zawk hangin leitung pen na peek (flat) tuan peuhmah lo hi. Na beem (round) veve hi. Mi tampi tak in sang thei a hih manin “hih thu pen a man hi” cih tawh thu gen sawmna a hihi. Thu man (truth) leh a piang thu (facts) pen mi tawm leh tam tawh kisai hetlo a hih na gen khaklohna a hihi.
8. Appeal to authority: (Thu neite paulapna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Milian le thu nei mite i min le zaa zang a, a maute thu gen siksan a thu genna a hihi. A mah pen Hausa hi, amah pen Kumpi ulian hi, a mah pen Sia hi cih minlo a, a ma deihna khat a kizop theihna ding gen na hihi. Gentehna in biakna Sia pa pen Laisiangtho lam ah Doctoral Degree ngah a hih manin hih thu ciangciang tel mahmah ding hi cih sandan a hihi. Tua bang mah in zong a mah pen University ah Doctoral Degree ngah in Professor a hih teh biakna thu ciangciang tel mahmah ding hi cih sandan zong hi kawikawi hi. A mau thusin leh siamna tawh kisai et ding sang sik in, a mau hihna khat pum paulap in deihna tunna ding gelna a hihi. Zato siavuan khat in innsung van sia khat puah dan ding a theilo thei a hih lam kiphawk sak nuamlo hi. Milian leh thu nei khat a hih nak leh na khempeuh a ma gen pen a man pen ding a sanna a hihi.
9. Appeal to emotion: (Lungsim lawnsakna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Haksatna leh thuakna te nakpi tak a uanggen in thu laigil nawlkhinna a hihi. Mite in i thugen a san theihna ding deihna tak tawh mimal i thuakna leh haksatna te liatsak luatna a thu genna hi a, thu tak leh thu laigil pan mipi te in lampial in a kigen thu bek tungah lungsim piak ding deihna a hihi. Gentehna in Pasian nasem khat in Pasian thu gen dingin mipi mai ah a din hun tak ciangin Lungdamna thu (Gospel) a gen ding sangsikin a ma mimal thu leh na sepna bek uang genlua, a ma nuntak haksatna te uanggen lua in Lungdamna thu ( gospel) thu gen kha nawnlo thei hi. Mipi te in thugen te hehpihn in khitui naptui kai tawh a thuak pih tak ciangin a ma thu bekbek gen bel in nei a, Pasian thu thuk taktak gen nawnlo thei hi.
10. Anecdotal: (Mimal thu genna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Mimal khatpeuh, ei ma tuah khak thu bek bulphuh in, a tangzai zaw thu tawh tehkakna omlo in, thu piang khempeuh tawh bulhtuah sawmna a hihi. Ei ma tuahkhak thu leh mimal khatpeuh i tunga piang thu pen tulai tak a piangthu tawh kibang linlian lo thei a hih manin thupiang thak khat i a pianna a hang taktak kinawlkhin thei hi. Gentehna in, Saptuam khat sungah nupa kikhen khat leh tangvai zu ne thei khat a om man in tua saptuam pen piangthak lo hi cih tawh thukhupna bawl na a hihi. Khat veivei a piang tattak thu leh nate tawh kisai a omsa thute nulmang thei hi.
11. Black or white (A Vom maw a Kaang)
Khiatna/Zatna: Tel theih ding nam nih bek om in, tua sung pan a deih zawk pen tel ding cihna hi. A taktak in tel theih ding nam tampi om gige hi na pi’n mipi lunglut zawh theihna ding a kizang mahmah khat a hihi. Gentehna in Saptuam in Mission na sepna mun ah na sum na piak kei leh Pasian na sepna a lunglut lo mi na hihi cih tawh genna a hihi. Mission na sepna dingin sum a piak tektek loh hangin neihsa (property) khatpeuh zong pia thei, thu ngetsak thei a hih lam kithei saklo thei hi. “Nang na hih kei leh, na pa hi pel mawh ding hi” cih tawh kibang pian a hihi.
12. Ad Populum (Min leh vang zatna)
Khiatna / Zatna: Na khatpeuh or thu khatpeuh pen min thang leh vang nei mahmah a hih man in hoih ding hi, man pen ding hi cihna tawh thu deihkaihna a hihi. Mi lungsim lakna dingin min thanna leh vang neihna tawh thu gentehna a kizang a hihi. Huu zaapna (Bandwagon) tawh kinai mahmah hi. Hih thu pen a tam zaw in hoih sa or hih na pen a tam zaw in zang leh mi deih mahmah khat a hih manin a hoih pen ding a san ding hanciamna a hihi. Gentehna in, van khat pen kikhong mahmah or mi minthang actor/actress te in zong zang a hih manin a hoih khat hi ding hi cihna tawh thukhupna bawlna a hihi.
13. Strawman
Khiatna/Zatna: Thu kigen khat pen a lang khat lamte’n a zawh nop manin, a thu gen mi i deihna pan in heikhiat sakin a mau deihna a tunna dingin thu kawng hei sakna a hihi. Thu gen mi khat i deihna pen a hoihlo lam a kawk theihna dingin mi a muh theihna dingin thu lianpi suahsak hi. Gentehna in, saptuam sungah mikhat in sum le pai zatna encik in, a kisam lualo te khiap theihna leh sum cilbawl theihna ding lampi a gen laitak pen a lang pang mikhat in sum zatna encik ding cih pen, sia/siama te khasum piak behding a deihlo hi cih tawh thu gen masa mi i thugen pan thu kawng heikhiat sak in a ma zawhna dingin kaihkawina ahihi. Tua dan mah bangin mikhat in i saptuam sungah Music van leina ding sum gelkholh (budget) pen khan kulkei a cih tak ciangin a lang pang khat in saptuam in music van lei ding deihlo hi cih bang dan a kekliat gawpna nam a hihi.
14. Gambler’s Fallacy (Kikhapna tawh nialna)
Khiatna / zatna: A beisa hun a thu piang khatpeuh thupi tak a gen in, tua ci pian ngei khin a hih teh, mai lam ah zong tua ci tektek ding hi ci a, panna a hihi. A piang thu pen a manman a piang thu zong hi tektek lo thei a, a hunzui a (randomly) a piang thu khat peuh hi thei hi. Gentehna in, a mau nupa in tapa thum a kizom in nei uh a hih manin a tulai tak a, a nu paii pen pasal mah hi ding hi, cih tawh thugen na a hihi. A dang khat ah bawlung team khat in kum thum sung a kizom in a khatna ngah ta uh a hih manin tu kum bel ngah nawnlo hamtang ding uh hi cih tawh a beisa thu piangte bulphuh a mai lam a hong piang dingte gen kholhna khat a hihi.
15. Genetic or Fallacy of origins (Khanpih thu meilet)
Khiatna/ Zatna: I pianpih or khankhiat pih thu meilet khat pen a man pen hi cih sanna a hihi. A thu hoihna leh dikna en nawnlo in a thu kipatna, a phungpi en lo, kantel lo pi a, a man a sanna a hihi. Gentehna in mi khatpeuh pen a ma pianna nu le pa in biakna saptuam khat sungah nakpi tak in na sawpsiang khin uh a hih manin saptuam dangte pen a ma’ saptuam bangin hoih sa lo, man salo in a ma saptuam bek mah a man pen ding a sanna a hihi. Ei khankhiatna saptuam pen mi dangte a sangin a hoih pen le a man pen a sanna a hihi. Gentehna dang khat khat ah ka Siapi pa in pasal te pen citak lo uh hi ci a hih manin pasalte a citak omlo hi ci a sanna a hihi.
Works Cited:
- "Online Writing Lab." Common Writing Assignments: Logical Fallacies - Aims Community College. AIMS Community College, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
- Hollenbeck, Randy. "Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallacies."Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallacies. JSOnline.com, 24 Mar. 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Fallacies." The Writing Center at UNC-Chapel Hill. UNC-CH, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
- "Academic Guides: Writing a Paper: Avoiding Logical Fallacies." Avoiding Logical Fallacies - Writing a Paper - Academic Guides at Walden University. Walden University, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/.
