Suakta tak a pulak genkhiatna tawh
kisai zehtanna ( Ethics of Freedom of Expression)
Tual
Khan Suan
USA
gam bup thukhunpi a kizat cil kum (1789) khit kum (2) khit teh, a masa pen
gambup thukhunpi thuapbehna (Amendment) pen 1791 kum in kibawl a, tua a masa
pen thukhunpi thuapbehna sungah USA gamsung a teng mi khempeuh in biakna
suahtakna (Freedom of Religious), pulak gentheihna suahtakna (Freedom of
Expression), daitak a kikaihkhopna (the Right to form Association), leh kumpi
tungah lungkim lohna gen leh thusun neihtheihna (Petition to the Government) a
ngah kimna dingin mihing hamphatnate humbit hi. 1948 kum a kigelh Khuavannuai Mihing
Hamphatnate Tangkona (UDHR)-Article 19 sungah, “ Mikim in a mau muhna leh
sannate suakta tak in pulak gentheihna,…” ngah kimtek thei a hihna kigelh hi.
USA gam thukhunpi sungah kum 1791 kigelh lut in, UNO vaihawmna nuai ah UDHR thu
tangkona sunga leitungbup mite in zong a ngah theihna dingin 1948 kum in
tangkonna a neih a hi, mimal kim in a mau muhna leh sanna pen suakta tak in
pulak gen khia thei ding cih thu guipi pen USA gam ah a kizat khit kum (157) khit
ciangin leitung bup a zat theih dingin kibawl hi kici thei hi.
Hih
a tung a thu guipi nih (2)te i et khawm tak ciangin, “suakta tak a pulak gen
theihna” pen mikim zat ding ci a hih manin “ka ut teng ka gen thei hi” cih ngaihsutna
i lungsim ah hong lut pah lian hi. Kei muhna, kei sanna a hih manin ka pulak,
ka gen khiat pen kei mimal suahtakna hi ci’n kipang thei hi. “Midangte a ding hoihna
hi zaw ding maw, siatna hi zaw ding thei keng, kei muhna hi ven,” gen theihna nei
ka hih teh, kuamah in hong khaktan theilo ding hi cih thu khutlet in kinei pah thei
hi. A hizongin suakta taka pulak genkhiat theihna i cih i deihna pen tua bang
na hi khin samlo hi.
Khua
hun khantohna tawh kizui in thu kizakna tuamtuam leh Social Media kilim zat
mahmah a hih manin mimal i muhna leh sannate suakta tak a pulak gen khiatna pen
kilim zat mahmah hi. Tua bangin mimal suahtakna i zatna ah midangte suahtakna
pen kizahtak saklo thei bek hilo in, suahtakna a khengvai in kizang a hih manin
midangte a dingin siatna tunzaw thei hi. Suakta tak a pulak gentheihna ding
kiphal hi i cih takciangin lungphut, matuah peuh ban gengen ding cihna hi pah
lo hi. Tua pulak gentheihna tawh kisai suahtakna in midang khat i minsiatna,
vangkiamna ding leh nuntakna siatsakna ding a zat ding kiphal hi cihna hilo hi.
Lam khat pan ci leng, suahtakna hong kipia a liatna zui in mawhpuakna
(responsibilities) zong lian semsem hi cihna a hihi.
Gam
kumpite thukhun in zong mimal suahtakna a kepbit sawm bang mah in, mikim in tua
suahtakna khetbuk a zangin midang khat suaktakna a siatsak ding leh midang khat
minsiatna ding nasep pen deihlo in dodal den hi. Mikim in a mau mimal suahtakna
zangin midang khat nuntakna a siatsak ding pen thutang (justice) in kisang theilo
hi. Tua a hih manin thu kizakna tuamtuam leh Social Media tuamtuam tungtawn in
mikim a bitna ding kithupi ngaih sut mahmah hi. Mikim in mimal sungthu
(privacy) nei tek ban ah, kipawlna in zong sungthu (privacy) nei tek a hih
manin tua mimal leh kipawlna (entity) i sungthu pen kiselphosakna pen thukhun
in phallo hi. Gam Kumpi te’n zong tua mimal sungthu a kibuluh sakna pan a
kidalna dingin kiminsiatsakna tawh kisai thukhun (defamation law) leh mimal
sungthu kibuluhsakna tawh kisai thukhun ( invasion of privacy law) na bawl
hi. Mimal siatna ding deihna tawh kiselphona leh sungthu kibuluhsakna a thuak
mi a om leh kidalna ding, mikim kiven bit theihna ding deihna tawh kumpi in
bawl a hihi.
Social
Media zatna tangzai semsem a hihman in, mimal kisel phona, ki minsiatsak utna
tawh kikona pen nisim phial in kikhah khia thei hi. Ki minsiatsakna ding deihna
tawh nasepna i cih tak ciangin mimal selphona utna tawh laikhah a minsiatsakna
(libel) leh mimal selphona/min siatna ding kona (slander) cihte a hihi. Lai
gelh a khahna, muh theih ding a hawmna leh Media khatpeuh tungtawn a minsiatsakna
(libel) ahi a, kamtawh genna, kona, leh gamtatna tawh lahna (slander) khempeuh pen
minsiatsakna (defamation) in huam a, mikim in tua bang a thuaklohna dingin
Kumpite’n thukhun bawl in gam mite kepbitna ding panla hi.
Lai
tawh sim theih ding, lim tawh muh theih ding a minsiatsakna (libel), gamtat
kampauna tawh ko bawlna tawh minsiatsakna (slander) i pen mi khatpeuh i
vangkiamna ding deihna hi a, lampi tuamtuam zangin a kisep theihna leh kiselpho
theih a hihna i mu thei hi. A diakdiak in:-
Huatna kampauna (Hate Speech): Huat kampauna i cih takciangin
mimal khat in mi dang khatpeuh pen, minam (race), namphung (ethnicity), minam
pianna (national origin), biakna (religion), numei pasal hihna (sex), cidam thahat
lohna (disability), natna (disease), leh pianzia dang khatpeuh paulap in
langpanna (offend) leh dona (attack) hi a, kihuatna lungsim a piangsak sep leh
bawl, kampauna te a vekpi a huam hi. Pianzia, sanzia khatpeuh paulap in simmawh
bawlna pen tuhun ciangin Online ah zong zat ding baih lam mahmah hi. Online
zang a simmawh bawlna, zahkona (Cyber bullying) pen mi tampi tak in zang uh a,
mi hoih tampi kisiatna piang sak hi. Mimal khat muhdahna hangin a ma’ thu a manlo
(fake news) hawmzak in, mikhat peuh i nuntakna kisiasak thei hi.
Zumhuai pholakna (Obscenity): Zum huai pholakna pen mimal khat
in midang khatpeuh i vang kiamna ding, a maizum na ding in (tua mi i) a
gamtakna, a lu hekna, leh a kampauna a kipan a zum huai lim pulakna,
gensawnsakna leh hawmzak sakna cihte a huam vek a hihi. A deihna taktak pen
genciat ding hamsa a, a hi zongin mihing thucin (morality) in a san zawhloh
ding in mi maizum sak ding ngimna tawh sepna leh bawlna, pauna teng huam hi
kici theihi. Mihing khat i pianpih vaang a susia thei ding a vaihawmna a hih
manin kumpi thukhun in tua bang gamtat kampauna a om loh ding thukhun bawl in dal
hi.
Thu diklo ( Misinformation): Hih mun ah a diklo / a manlo thu i
cih pen mi khatpeuh in midang khat i min siatna ding a pholak ut manin zuau thu
phuaktawm, mindai ding deihna tawh thu manlo pi a genna leh gelh khia in
hawmzakna hi. Thuman sinsen (accuracy) omlo pi a, a man bang a genna, thubulpi
( a man kanlo a) hawmsawnna, mi siat genna, zuau thu tawh mi khemna, mi hoihlo
hi cih a genna (propaganda) khempeuh huam hi. Thu manlo leh thu diklo tawh
midang khat min siatna ding selphona, mindaina ding nasepna pen gam kumpite’
thukhun in deihlo hi.
Nawngkaisakna (Harassment): Nawngkaisakna i cih pen mi khatpeuh
in midang tungah neusakna (simmawhna) tawh kobawlna, nuaisiah bawlna leh thusim
lohna tawh langbawlna nei in gelhna leh gennate huam hi. Mi khatpeuh a ma
pianzia tuamdanna hang, nuntakna ah tualniam tuamsanna hang khatpeuh tawh, mihing
in a ma ngah ding kilawm vaang ngahsak lo in simmawh nuaisiah zawkna, maimialna
ding a neu-etna leh thusimlohna tawh nenniamna cihte zong mi nawngkaisakna nam
khat a hihi. Mihing khat i pianzia tuamdanna peuh selphona a kipan, mihing vang
a kiamsak thei ding sepna leh gennate zong ahihi. Zohthoh bawlna tawh
nawngkaisakna, thusim lohna tawh ngawnkaisakna cihte khempeuh zong thukhun mai
ah mi khempeuh a kikim a hih manin kumpi thukhun in deihlo hi.
Mikhat
peuh in huatna a piangsak thei ding thu pulak a genna, midang khatpeuh i maizum
leh a zahlakna ding a selphona, mihing i vangkiamna ding pulak genna, mi khatpeuh
simmawhna tawh kona, zahpihna a piangsak ding thu pulak a genna a kipan, midang
khatpeuh i minthanna leh a nasep a susia thei ding bawlna banah midang khatpeuh
a kipelhbawlna ding, a kinelhsiahna ding deihna tawh pulakna khempeuh pen mihing
i vaang kiamna ding bawlna vive a hih manin, gam kumpi in phallo in minsiatna
sakna tawh kisai thukhun (defamation law) bawl in dal hi.
Mihing
a min piang khempeuh in a pian a kipan a kikim vaang ( UDHR Article 1) nei kimciat
a hih manin mi khatpeuh in midang khatpeuh i minsiatna, mindaina leh a kineu-etna
dingin selphona gamtat leh kampau ding kilawm hi. Mikim in mimal sungthu
(privacy) a nei tek a hihna zui in, tua mimal sungthu pen kuamah in i kibuluh
sak theih ding zong hilo hi. Tua hangin mimal sungthu kibuluh sakna zong gam kumpi
in thukhun bawl in dal hi. Mikim in mimal sungthu (privacy) pen bittak a neih
kim theihna ding pen mihing hamphatna a hihi (UDHR Article 12)
Mi
minthang (Public Figures) a hi makaite (Leaders), siamna tuamtuam a nei mite (Artists)
leh mi tung ah a tuang zaw deuh mite pen mi pawlkhat in Minsiatsakna (defamation)
ding zongin gelhna leh limlahna tawh minsiatsakna (libel) a hizongin, thugenna
leh gamtatna tawh minsiatsakna (slander) kinei thei zaw deuh hi. Mi khat i
mimal sungthu (privacy) zong in, kan khia in a min siatna ding kibawl thei
mawkmawk hi. Tua bang nasep, kampauna pen mihing hamphatna a susia hi a, mihing
vaang kiamsak a hih manin leitung gam kumpite in zong thukhun bawl in dal uhhi.
Cih takciangin tua bangin midang khatpeuh minsiatsakna leh mindai sakna
(defamation) a bawl mite pen thukhun zui in kihek in kigaam thei hi.
Mikim
in a mau muhna leh sannate suakta takin pulak leh gen theihna a neih pen midang
khat i siatna leh mindaina ding bawlna ding a kizang thei hamphatna hilo hi. Midang
khat va kona ding, va zahpihna ding zong hituan lo hi. Tua a kikim suahtakna mi
khempeuh in a neih ciat pen khat leh khat kizahtak sak ding hi a, kisusiak sak ding
hilo hi. Ei mimal suahtakna i zatna ah midangte suahtakna va suksiaksak loh
ding kidopna pen thukhun zuihna hoih pen hipah hi.
Dated
August 28, 2019
Reference:
Nott, Lata, and Brian Peters. “Free Expression on Social Media.”
Freedom Forum Institute, www.freedomforuminstitute.org/first-amendment-center/primers/free-expression-on-social-media/.
Rogers, Tony. “What Do You Need to Know About Libel and Libel Law?”
ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 3 July 2019,
www.thoughtco.com/the-basics-of-libel-and-libel-law-2073724.
