Gamkhat
phuhna leh lamkhiatna
Minam
tuamtuamte in a mau minam pau leh lai, ngeina, biakna leh tangthu kiciantak in
neitek uhi. Taang pau leh lai, ngeina, biakna leh khang tangthute zui in minam
khat leh khat a lomlom, a khilkhil in mun leh mual khat-ah tengkhawm, khawlkhawm
in nek leh tak zong khawm uhhi. Mihingte’ thu muhna leh ngaihsutna khantohna tawh
kituak in khosak gamtatna (civilization) sangzaw manawhna tawh minamte in vaihawmna
leh ukna neihna dingin gam phut leh lamkhia in midangte tungah thu neih ding
kihanciam hi. Gamhuam sung a lian a neu cih hi masa lo in a mau ukna leh thu
neih zawhna ciangciang khuikhawm in gam (country) cih theih dingin ukna nei uh
hi. Gam (country) a kiphuh khit tak ciangin, gam-uk dingin Kumpi (King) or
Kumpi nu (Queen), gam lutangpi (President) a om kul a, gamsung vaihawm dingzia ding
pen gam-uk kumpi or lutangpi deihna leh ngimna zui in kisem hi.
Kumpi
or Kumpi nu or Lutangpi ukna gamsung ah thu vaihawmna a nuam zaw dingin ukna
thunei a dawldawl in kikhen hi. Khua/khuapi ukna nei Kumpi ( City Government), Gamkhen
ukna nei kumpi ( Province Government), Gamke ukna nei kumpi (State Government)
leh Gambup ukna nei kumpi (Federal/Union Government) cih bangin kilam hi. Lomkhom
gam (Unitary state) lamkhiat zia tawh kiphut gamsung ah Bulpi kumpi
(Central Government) thunuai ah a dang ukna nei kumpi om vek a, vai khempeuh bulpi
kumpi in saisuk vek hi. Belpawl gam (Federal State) lamkhiatzia tawh
kiphut gam sungah bel a dawldawl a ukna nei kumpi in bulpi kumpi nuaiah direct
a om hi tuanlo a, ukna leh thu neihna kihawmna nei in kilam hi.
Minam
(Nation) leh Gam (State) kizop tuahna bulphuhna pan a hong piang khia leitung
ah gam namkhen (4) bangin kikhen thei hi. A khen masa pen in, minam khat bek a
om na gam bulphuh a kiphut khia gam hi a, tua pen Minam-Gam (Nation-State)
kici hi. Gentehna in Japan, France gamte pen minam khat, ngeina khat, taangkam
khat bulphuh a kiphut Minam-Gam (Nation-state) a hihi. A khen nihna pawl pen
minam khat bek bulphuh a kiphut gam hilo a, gam kiphut masa in tua gamsung a
teng minam tuamtuamte in tua gam minam a suak Gam-Minam (State-Nation) a
hihi. Gentehna in USA gam leh Australia gam phuh khiatzia nam pan a hong piang
hi a, hih gamte pen a gam min zui-in minam a piang tawm cih ding a hihi. A khen
masa tawh kilehbulh gam namte a hihi. Hih khen nihna gam nam pawl ah a mau
gammi (citizen) suak khempeuh a mau Gam-Minam hipah a, a hi zongin a khen masa
gam namte ah gammi (citizen) a suak mi khempeuh a mau minam hi tuanlo hi. A
khen thumna pawl leuleu pen minam khat hi na pi’n a hang (doctrine) khatpeuh hang
tawh gam tuam phuhna pan a piang minam khen gam (Part Nation-State) a
hihi. Minam, Ngeina, lai cihte kibang na pi’n gam tuam sat a omte pawl hi.
Gentehna in North Korea leh South Korea gam dante pawl hi. A khen lina pawl a
hih leh gam khat sung a minam tampi a teng khawm gam (Multi Nation State) nam a
hihi. Gentehna in United Kingdom, India, leh Myanmar cihte pawl hi. Khenpi
thumna tawh kilehbulh gam nam hi. Minam tampi a tenkhopna gam (Multi Nation
State) namte ah minam khat leh khat liangko kikim, satanh kikim ding pen
gamsung kilemna a om na dingin a thupi pen a hihi. Minam tampi a tenkhopna gam-ah
minam lianzaw pawl in minam neuzaw pawl tungah zawhthohna tawh a uk khum lohna
ding, minam neute i ngeina, pau leh lai cihte a valhtum lohna dingin ukna
thuneihna a dawldawl a khen ding kisam hi.
Gamlam
khatzia tuamtuam leh vaihawmna tuamtuam tawh a mau leh a mau a ki-uk minam tampi
leitung ah om hi. (Theihding: Minam kician a hih hangin, a mau aituam gam a
neilo, gam lamkhiat zia a neilo minam tampi om veve hi. Eg Kurd, Palestine
minamte). Gam pawlkhat ah minam ciaptehna (national identity) zui in gamgi
khenna leh lei maitang (geographical) zui a gamgi khenna tawh ukna leh vaihawmna
a nuamzaw dingin gam kiphut hi. Gamgi kikhenna nei a gamke, gamkhen (province)
khat leh khat pen vaihawmna leh ukna thuneihna a kipiak zia a tawm leh a tam zong
kibanglo hi. Kammal dang khat in gen leng gam khat leh gam khat zong thu neihna
kipiak zah zui in gam lamkhiat zia kibang lo hi. Gamsung thuneihna hawmna ding
zui in leitung ah gam lamkhiat zia nampi (3) in kikhen thei hi. Tuate in:- Lomkhom
gam (Unitary State), gambup gawmtuah gam ( Confederation), belpawl gam (
Federal Union) ahihi.
Lomkhom gam (Unitary State): Gamsung vaihawmna dingin ukna mite
a dawldawl in a kikoih hangin bulpi Kumpi (Central Government) in thuneihna sangpen
a letna gam pen lomkhawm gam a hihi. Bulpi kumpi bek i bawlsa thukhun zui a
ukna leh vaihawmna gamte a hihi. Bulpi kumpi leh a dawldawl a ukna nei kumpi
kikal ah thuneihna kikhen/hawmlo a hih manin bulpi kumpi bek i deihna bangin
kisem a, gamke leh gamkhen kumpi in thukhun bawl theihna neilo hi. Leitung-ah
gam a tamzaw pen lomkhom gam ( Unitary State) tawh kilam khia gam a hihi. A hizongin
gam pawlkhat ah bulpi kumpi vaihawmna leh thuneihna tawh kisai khalo ( gambup
vai a sukhalo) thute ah thuneihna pen gamke leh gamkhen kumpi tungah a dawldawl
in a khenkhia gam pawlkhat om hi. Bulpi Kumpi in gamke leh gamkhen kumpi tungah
thu neihna hopna pen, langnih paizia (dual system) leh zoptuah paizia
(fused system) ci’n nam nih in kikhen thei hi.
Langnih
paizia (dual
system) a kizatna gamte ah a dawldawl a om thunei kumpi (regional government) tungah
bulpi kumpi in gamsung kisapna zui-in thukhun bawl theihna leh ukna thuneihna pia
hi. Tualsung Kumpi (Local Council/Government) in a mau gamke/gamkhen huamsung
nasep-ah bulpi kumpi i nawngkai sakna omlo in sem theihi. Hih munsan a, thuneihna
hawmna pen belpawl gam (federal state) a thu neihna hawmna tawh kibanglo hi. Langnih
paizia (Dual system) a thuneihna hawmna pen mawhpuakna bulphuh ( responsibilities
basic) septheihna hi a, belpawl gam (federal state) a thuneihna hawmna pen
gamke leh gamkhen a ding metna bulphuh ( interests basic) thuneihna a hihi. Lomkhawm
gam (Unitary state) thuneihna hawmna in bulpi kumpi metna ding ngimna hizaw a, a
munmun (local) a thunei mite tungah sepsuah theihna ding thuneihna hopna ciang
a hihi. Langnih paizia (Dual system) a kizatna gamte pen Bulpi thuneihna
khiapna gam (decentralize state) zong kici thei hi. UK, Spain, Netherland,
Italy gamte pen lomkhom gam (Unitary state) bulphuh a kilam gam hi na pi’n, a
mau gamsung pianzia kisapna hangin langnih paizia (dual system) zang uhi.
Zoptuah
paizia (Fused
system) cih tak ciangin bulpi kumpi leh tualsung kumpi (regional/Local
Government) pen mapang khawm a, kumpi thumeilet (policies) sepsuah na dingin
thuneihna zatkhopna nam a hihi. Bulpi kumpi in a munmun, a phualphual ah a mipi
tawh kizopna ding ci’n zum hong thei a, tua pen bulpi kumpi thuneite i uksukna
nuai ah om pah hi. Zoptuah paizia (fused system) a zang gamte pen bulpi pan
ukcipna gam (centralized state) ci’n zong kithei hi. France, Denmark leh Japan pen
hih paizia a zang gamte hi a, 1974 kum Kawlgam thukhunpi zui-in Kawlgam in zong
hih paizia mah zang hi. A munmun a om kumpi zum khempeuh Bulpi kumpi in Yangon
pan in gal-uk a hih man a hihi. Lomkhom gam (Unitary state) a deih mite in a
paulap thu uh a hihleh, mun khempeuh leh mimal khempeuh kibat theihna dingin
bulpi pan in thumeilet (policy) khat tawh sepsuah theihna ding cih a hihi.
Gambup gawmtuah gam (Confederation State): Thuneihna sangpen (Sovereignty) a
nei or a suakta gamte in a mau gam i suahtakna sukha lo ding ban-ah, a mau
minam leh gam metna ding ngimna bulphuh a kiphutkhia gawmtuah gamte a hihi. Gam
khat bek i sep zawhloh or sepkhop na hangin metna om zaw ding vai thupi ah mapan
khop theihna deihna tawh a kipawlkhawm gamte in a mau phalzah ciat thuneihna khenkhia
a kigawm khawm a hihi. A kipawl khawm gamte (member states) in sep ding, seploh
ding thupen a mau deihna zui in a khensat theihna nei hi. Tua hi a, a kipawl
khawm gamte pen a suakta gam vive hi zaw a, a maute i thukimna bek/phalna bek
tawh na sepna theihna gam gawmtuah a hihi. Gamkek Mangkangte ukna nuai panin America
in suahtakna ding a do cil-in, a suakta gam (13) in a mau muntek ah a do uh
sangin, kipawl khawm in do khawm leng zawhna ngah ding cih ngimna tawh kipawl
khawm in na do uhhi. Ngimna bulpi pen British do khawm in suahtakna la khawm
ding cih ciang hi a, thu neihna ciangtan khat bek gambup gawmtuah gam
(confederation state) ap uh a hih manin na hoih tak in sem zolo hi. Ki gawmtuah
a na sepna in lawhcing ding cih lam-etna a hih hangin a kihelkha gamte metna
ding bek bulphuh zaw a, gambup gawmtuah gam i thuneihna tawmlua a hih manin a, nasepna
ah muibun zo taklo hi. Thuneihna sangpen (Sovereign power) pen kipawlna in
neilo a, pawlgam (member state) in nei zaw hi. A suakta gamte in ngimna
tuamtuam tawh (sum bawlna, bitna, gamvai) ah kipawl khawm a na sem a hihsam hang,
kipawlna a ding sangin a mau (aipeng) a dingtek masak zaw uh a hih manin a thahat
ding zah in hatzo lo thei hi. Tuhun ciangin zong leitung gam kumpite in a mau gam
i metna ding tek masak in Confederation kipawlna tawh kipawlna a nasepna om hi.
Tua te in, EU, ASEAN, NATO cihte pawl a hihi.
Belpawl gam (Federal State): Minam tampi tenkhopna gam (Multi-Nation
State) sungah minam tam in minam tawmte a deep gawp lohna ding a hi zongin, minam
tawmte i pianpih hamphatnate (rights) bitsakna ding a hizongin, minam khat leh
khat kikalah metna a om tuakna ding a hizongin ngimna nei in belpawl gam kilam
khia hi. Hih thute siksan in gam a kilamkhiatna ah minam hihna (national)
bulphuh in a hi zongin, gam lei maitang (geographical) bulphuh in a hi zongin
gamkhen, gamke bawl in ukna thuneihna kihawm kim ciat theihna dingin kilam hi. Belpawl
gam lamzia (federalism) pen a mun leh thu kisapna zui in khenneu nih in khenin
kizang thei hi.
A
khenneu masa pen vekpi kibat kimna (Symmetry system) hi a, belpawl gam
sunga om gamke, gamkhen khempeuh tungah a vo zaw thuneihna, hamphatna kipia
tuamlo in vekpi a kibat kimna a hihi. Belpawl gamke, gamkhen khatpeuh i zawnna,
hauhna, gamvai leh minam vai kisapna cihte paulapna hang tawh kuamah a vo deuh
a hamphatna, hamsiatna tuampiak om tuanlo hi. Gamke leh gamkhen in a ngah dinguh
satanh a kikim in ngahtek cihna a hihi. Tu hunlai tak a USA leh Australia
gamsung kizang belpawl gam lamzia (Federalism) nam hi a, belpawl gamke, gamkhen
khatpeuh tungah a mau i neuna, liatna, zawnna leh hauhna cihte bulphuh lo in gambup
kumpi pan vaihawmna a kikim in sehtan kibawl hi. Gambup kumpi pan kihawm sehtan
pen a neu a lian cih omlo in a kikim tek a ngahna a hihi.
A
khenneu nihna leuleu pen belpawl gamke te i kisapna zui a hawmkimna
(asymmetry system) hi a, belpawl gamke, gamkhen khempeuh i liatna, neuna, hatna,
hauhna, zawnna leh kisapnate zui in thuneihna, septheihna leh ukna kipiakna paizia
a hihi. Naupang khat pen naupang i deih leh kisap bang piakna leh mi picing khat
pen mi picing khat i deih leh kisapnate zui a piakna leh hawmna tawh vaihawmna nam
a hihi. Belpawl gamke, gamkhen khat sungah kampau, nambing (ethnics) leh ngeina
kibatlohna hangin khat leh khat lungkimlohna a om teh a mau minam ciat kisapna
zui in tanvo (privileges), hamphatna (rights) leh vaihawm theihna piakna hangin
kilemna om theihna ding gelna a kizang hawmkimna a hihi. Canada gam ah Quebec province
ah Piantit minamte gambup pan in a pusuak nopna uh vensakna dingin zong kizang
a, lawhcing mahmah hi. Tua banah India gam banga minam leh kibatlohna tampi a
nei mite ten khopna gam-ah a mau minam kisapnate a kisapna zui in tanvo,
hamphatna leh vaihawmna piakna hangin gambup kiphel khapna ding panin veng hi.
Date
10/30/2019
Tual
Khan Suan
Zop lai ding…
