-->
Zo Minam leh Federal- Khen- 8
Gambup Khawnbawl Innpi (Parliament)
Belpawl
gam (Federal State) ahi a, Lomkhop gam (Unitary State) ahi zongin gambup sung a
teng mimal leh haitawi gamke (Member State) khempeuh in tahn kikimna a omna
ding lampi zonna in Khawnbawlna Innpi (Congress/ Parliament) phutkhia hi. Gam pawlkhat
in Innpi dei khat paizia (Unicameral system) paizia a zat hangin leitungah gam
a tamzaw in Innpi dei nih paizia (Bicameral system) zangin gam lamkhia zaw hi.
Tua Innpi dei nih paizia (Bicameral system) pen a tangpi a gen in Inndei
tungnung (Upper House) leh Inndei Nuainung (Lower House) ci’n kikhen hi. Inndei
nih kigawm gambup innpi pen “Parliament” ci’n UK ah kimin vawh a, “Congress” ci’n
USA gam kimin vawh hi. Kawlgam ah “Pyidawngsuh Hlutdaw” kici hi.
USA
gam thukhunpi gelhna khawmpi (Constitution Convention) kibawl laitak hun-in,
gamke (State) golzawte in Congress ah Palai (Representative) tam deih zaw uh a,
gamke (state) neuzawte in Congress ah Palai kikim ngah ding deih uhhi. May
29,1787 ni-in Gamke golzaw Virginia pan Thukhunpi gelh Palaite in gamke golna
zui in Congress ah Palai tamzaw neih theihna ding gelna “Virginia Plan” pulak
uhhi. A lang lamah, Gamke neuzaw New Jersey pan Thukhunpi gelh Palaite’n Gamke
khempeuh in Palai kikim neih theihna ding gelna “New Jersey Plan”, June 15,1787
ni-in pulak uhhi. Hih gelna (Plan) nihte pen a lang tuak panin kinialna nakpi
tak in om ngei hi. Tua laitak in June 23, 1787 in Connecticut gamke pan Roger
Sherman leh Oliver Ellsworth in “Congress pen dei nih a khen ding; inndei
tungnung ah gamke khempeuh in palai kikim puak ding; inndei nuainung ah gamke
golte in mimal (population) tamna zui in palai tamzaw puak ding” ci’n gelna
thusunna pan in innpi dei nih (Bicameral Legislature) bawl ding kiho lemna om thei
a hihi. Tua kiholemna pen USA gambup tangthu sungah, “The Great Compromise” or “Connecticut
Compromise” ci’n kiciamteh pah hi.
Inndei Tungnung (Upper House) pen gamke/gamkhen (State) khat leh
khat satanh kikimna a buktuah (balance) ding ngimna a kiphut ahih bangin
Gamke/gamkhen khempeuh in Taangmi -Member of Parliament (MP) a kikim neihna mun
a kilam ahihi. Gambup huam sunga om haitawi gamke/gamkhen (Member State)
khempeuh in a mau gamke/gamkhen a ding kisehzah Taangmi puakna a hihi.
Gamke/Gamkhen (State) khat leh khat kidepkhum lohna dingin, thuneihna kikimciat
neihna kepcingna mun a hihi. (Tulai tak Kawlgam ah gamke (state), gamkhen
(Region) khat in hih Inndei tungnung ah Tangmi- MP (12) tek puak theih hi. A
hizongin gamlam khiatzia diklo a, gamkhen (region) pen Kawlte vive ahih manin
Kawl mite tamzaw pah hi. Tua ban-ah galkap deihpiak zong Kawlte mah hilai hi). USA
gamah hih Inndei tungnung pen Senate ci uh a, Gamke khatsim in Tangmi-Senator
(2) ta puak thei uhhi. Inndei tungnung a Tangmi (MP-Senator) a sem ding mite
pen gamke/gamkhen sunga om gam mipite in direct vote zanga, a tel khiatna pan
telcing mite a hihi.
Leitung
Democracy gam khempeuh ah Tangmi (MP/Senator) kikim sitset kipuak a gam
vaihawmna kiphuhkhia hikhin samlo hi. Tangmi phazah a kikim khitloh hangin
khantohhna ah buaina a omlo ding; tua kikimlohna hangin gamke khat leh khat
kikal ah buaina (kidepkhumna) a om lohna ding ahih nakleh Tangmi kikim lo in
zong gamvai kihawm hi. Gentehna in Germany gam Inndei tungnung ah gamke
khempeuh in Tangmi a kikim in puaklo hi. Gamke (State) sunga teng mimal (population)
zui in Tangmi (MP) puakzah ding sehhawm uhhi. Tua Tangmite (MP) pen State
Government in telkhia in kipsakna (Appointed) kul masa a hih manin mau gamke
kumpi (State Government) i lamlahna nuai ah gamke a ding in mapang uhhi. India
gam leuleu ah Inndei Tungnung (Rajya Sabha) a Tangmi (MP) sem ding mite pen Council States
in mimal zui in seh hawmna nei hi. Rajya Sabha a Tangmi (MP) vekpi gawm tutna (250)
omna sung pan in Gamte (State) leh Union Territories (UT) pan in 238 sehhawm hi
a, a dang a omlai tutna (12) pen gambup lutang (President) in pilna nei
tuamtuam a sehtan piak a hihi.
Inndei
tungnung (Upper House) in gambup thukhun bawlna ah kihel khak manin
gamke/gamkhen i hoihna ding mapang thei hi. Gambup sunga om gamke khat leh khat
zong khantohna kibangin (Budget kibang) geltheihna ding kongvang kihong a hihi.
Gambup thukhun bawlna ah gambup lutangpi (President) in thukhun kipsakna suai a
kaih ma in, thukhun khat peuhpeuh pen inndei tungnung ah thukimna lak masak
kisam hi. Gamsung a ding thukhun khat bawlbeh ding gelna leh thukhun thak gel masak
theihna zong Inndei tungnung in nei hi. (Gam pawlkhat ah, thukhun bawlna vai
tawh kisai in inndei tungnung in thuneihna tamnei zaw gam om hi).
Democracy
paizia a kigelh 1947 kum Kawlgam thukhunpi sungah inndei tungnung a Tangmi (MP)
vekpi gawm (125) kipuak a, tua sung pan Kawlmi a hihlo Tangmi (MP) vekpi gawm (52)
om a, Kawlmi Tangmi (72) om hi. Minam bulphuh a kilam khia Federal gam khat peuhah
tua zah liang a minam khat bek in a langsang a tamzaw a luahkhumna inndei
tungnung om ngeilo hi. Germany gam ah inndei tungnung a Tangmi (MP) pen mimal
zui in kisehhawm i cih sam hang, Germany gampen minam bulphuh a kilamkhia gam
hilo a, gamlei maitang (geographical) bulphuh a kilam khia gam hi a, minam
kibang gam khat a hih manin buaina omlo ahihi.
Parliament
Democracy paizia tawh ki-uk gamte ah ukna nei kumpi kahiang (Executive Branch)
tungah muanzawh lohna (no confidence motion) tawh ukna nei kumpi a kitawp sak
ciangin inndei tungnung maw, inndei nuainung maw or a nih gawm a phiat/beisak (dissolution
of Parliament) ding maw? cih kinialna omhi. Gam pawlkhat ah Gambup Innpi (Parliament/Congress)
buppi (Lower House + Upper House) kiphiat a, a hizongin gam pawlkhat- Germany
leh India bangah Inndei tungnung (Upper House) kiphiat lo dinghi ci’n thukhunpi
sungah kigelh lut hi. A hangin Ukna nei kumpi kahiang pen Inndei nuainung pan a
Tangmi (MP) bek tawh kilam khia a hih manin Ukna nei kumpi pen inndei tungnung
tawh kinahvawh khalo suak hi. Australia gam leuleu ciangin ukna nei kumpi kahiang
pen Inndei tungnung leh Inndei nuainung pan a Tangmi leh Palai (MP) te kihel a
hih manin Innpi phelna (Dissolution of Parliament) a kineih hun in innpi a nih
in kiphel suak hi. Australia gam ah Innpi phelna a om ciangin minamte
tankikimna a bulphuh a kilam inndei tungnung a kiphiat hangin buaina omlo hi. A
hangin Australia gam pen minam bulphuh a gamke kigawm khawm hilo a, gamlei
maitang (geographical) bulphuh a kilamkhia a hihman ahihi. Minam bulphuh a gamke
kigawm khawm gamte ah Inndei tungnung phelsiatna in minam kitankimna sia sak
hi. Tua hi a, minam bulphuh a kilam gamte ah inndei tungnung pen phel ding hoihlo
hi.
1947
kum Kawlgam thukhunpi Article 115 zui-in ukna nei kumpi kahiang (Executive Branch)
pen inndei nuainung (Pyithuh Hluttaw) pan bek kiphut khia hi a, ukna nei kumpi
muannawn lohna (no confidence motion) pen inndei nuainung pan bek kipan thei a
hih manin innpi phelna pen inndei tungnung tawh kisai lo hi. A hizongin
thukhunpi article 88 (1) na sungah Innpi phelna (dissolution of parliament) a
om hun in inndei tungnung zong kiphial ding hi (A dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies shall operate also as a
dissolution of the Chamber of Nationalities) ci kawikawi a hih manin minamte
tan kikimna kisia sak hi.
Inndei tungnung
a Tangmi mite pen gam pawlkhat ah gambup kitelpina (general election) tawh
gawmkhawm in kitel a, gam pawlkhat leuleu ah hun tuam ah kitelna kibawl hi. Nasep
hunkhen (Term) zong gam pawlkhat ah inndei nuainung a Tangmi tawh kibang a, gam
pawlkhat leuleu ah kibanglo hi. USA gam ah Tangmi (Senator) te in term pen kum
(6) sung a hihi. Inndei tungnung a Tangmi (MP) ding pen gambup kitelpi tawh
telkhop loh a, huntuam a tel ding hoih zaw hi. A hangin inndei tungnung pen
minam kitankimna a bulphuh a kilam khia mimal (population) tawh kinahvawh lo hi.
Inndei
Nuainung (Lower House )
pen gam mimal khatsim (or) milip aitang a sem (represent) Palaite tawh kilam
khia ding ngimna nei a kiphut ahih bangin milip (mimal) zui a bial
(constituency) bawl in gam mipi in direct tawh a tel Palai (MP) tawh kilam khia
a hihi. Mimal (population) zui a bial (constituency) kizik a hihna zui in mimal
tamna gamke/gamkhen ah Palai (MP) tamzaw pah a, mimal tawmna gamke/gamkhen ah Palai
(MP) tawmzaw pah hi. Gambup a om mimal tawm leh tam zui in bial (constituency)
zikna/khenna kinei a Palai (MP) phazah ding kiseh a hihi. Parliamentary
Democracy paizia a zang gamte ah hih Innnei nuainung (Lower House) a tangmi leh
palaite tawh Kumpi kiphut hi. Mihingte lalsuk laltohna hangin milip tamna pen
kibang denlo a hih manin Palai (MP) phazah zong kikhekkhek thei hi. Tua hangin
gambup misimna (census) zong a hunhun in neih zel kisam ahihi. (USA gam ah Inndei
Nuainung pen House of Representatives, UK ah House of Commons, India ah Lokh Sahba,
Kawlgam ah Pyithuh Hlutdaw kici hi.)
Inndei
nuainung (Lower House) pen gamke khat leh khat kikal a kitankimna bulphuh hilo
ahih manin gamke khempeuh in a kikim Palai (MP) neih ding kisamlo hi. A hangin
in gambup mimal (population) bulphuh a (gamsung mipite kisap leh deihna bulphuh
a) kilam khia ahih manin mi tawm leh mitam zui in Palai (MP) phazah ding gel
kul a hihi. Lamkhat pan in hih inndei nuainung pen gamsung mi tamzaw i kisap
leh deihna zon khiatna ding bulphuh- Democracy paizia lahna taktak khat a hihi.
Tua ahih manin Inndei Nuainung a Palai (MP) sem ding mite pen gambup kitelpi
(General Election) pan a mipi buppi vote piakna tawh telcing mite a hihi. Gambup
kitelpi (General Election) i cih pen gambup huam a bial (constituency) zui a
mipi Tangmi/Palai telna pen gammite in hun le ni kibang a tel khiatna neihna ahihi.
Gambup kitelna pen:-
1)
Vote pia thei ding gammi khempeuh in vote piakna (Universal Suffrage),
2)
Simtham vote piakna (Secret Voting),
3)
Suakta leh tamkim vote piakna (Free and Fair election),
4)
Direct vote piakna (Direct election) leh
5)
Mi khempeuh in vote kikim neihna (Equal voting) te zang a kitelna kibawl a
hihi.
Hih
paidante (procedures) zangin gambup kitelpina (General Election) kibawl a hih
manin minam zui in vote simna kinei thei nawnlo a, mimal zui in vote kisim hi. Mimal
zui a vote kisim a hih manin mimal tamzaw minamte in vote tamzaw a neih pen a
lamdang hi nawnlo hi. Tua ahih manin gambup vai makaihna ah minam vai, biakna vai
leh upna bulphuh thu khatpeuh vai tawh kilamdanna nei mite a dingin kitan kimna
piang thei nawnlo suak hi. Tua pen gambup kitelpi (general election) i deihna
bulpi hi zawhi. Tua bang a hihleh, hih mun-ah mipawl khat in minam khat leh
khat kitankimna dingin gambup kitelpi kisam nawn kei, ci kha ding hi. Democracy
paizia ah minam neute tan kikimna ding gelna a om bangin mi a tamzawte deihna
leh kisapna zon khiatna ding kisam a hihna mangngilh loh ding kisam hi. Tua hi
a, gambup makaihna ah mi a tamzawte deihna lahkhiatna ding gambup kitelpi kisam
pelmawh hi.
Minam
kigawm khuatang (Plural Society) bulphuh a kilam khia gamte ah mimal tamzaw minamte
in minam tawmzaw minamte a depkhum lohna ding lampi zong uha, gampawl khat in gambup
kitelpi (general election) kitelna ah kihawmkimna zui aitaang panna ( Proportional
Representation system) paizia zatna tawh kitamkim na om theihna ding gel uhhi. Kihawm
kimna zui aitang panna paizia (Proportional Representation system) hangin minam
neute in zong minam tawmna zui in inndei nuainung ah Palai (MP) tamzaw ngah theihna
ding gelna ahihi. Tua bangin kihawmkimna zui aitang panna paizia (Proportional
Representation system) a zang gamte pen Consensus Democracy paizia a zang gamte
a hihi.
Innpi
dei nih (Bicameral Legislature) nei a kilam khia Belpawl gam (Federal State) a
kizatna gam i deihna bulpi pen in Inndei Tungnung (Upper House) ah minam khempeuh
tan kikimna ding ngimna nei a Tangmi puak theih ding a kibawl hi a, Inndei Nuainung
(Lower House) pen mimal zui a deihna leh kisapna a kikim a lahkhiat theihna
ding ngimna nei Palai puak ding a kibawl a hihi. Lamkhat pan in Inndei Tungnung
pen Federal paizia siksan a kilam khia hi a, Inndei Nuainung pen Democracy
paizia siksan a kilamkhia cih ding a hihi. Minam tawmzawte in zong tan kikimna
a ngah theihna ding leh mimal zui a tan kikimna a om theihna ding; Minam zui
tan kikimna limlahna ding leh mimal zui a tan kikimna limlahna ding deihna tawh
Gambup Innpi (Parliament or Congress) pen Inndei nih a kilam a hihi.
Date:
December 17, 2019
Tual
Khan Suan
