Upna hanga sihna thuak mite- [ Milada Horakova- 1901-1950]

Upna hanga sihna thuak mite-  [ Milada Horakova- 1901-1950]

“Ka nuntakna huu ka san laiteng, na lungnopna dingin thu ka ngen ding hi (Until my last breath, I shall pray for your happiness, my dear child)”

Hih kammal in a upna hang a, khailupna a thuak Milada Horakova in kum (16) a cingpan a tanu Jana tungah a kikhailup ma ding nitak a, a gelh laikhak sung a kammal khat a hihi. Milada Horakova pen Czechoslovakia gam ah mihing nuntakna nopsakna ding, mihing hihna nuai-ah numei le Pasal tanh kikimna ding leh Democracy paizia tawh ki-ukna ngahna ding a sep manin Communist Party in June 27,1950 ni, zingsang nai 5:35am hun lian in Prague khuapi sungah om Pankrac Thong (prison) huang sungah khau tawh khailum uhhi.

Zo Minam leh Federal- Khen- 9

Zo Minam leh Federal- Khen- 9

Ei deihna a khensatna leh ukna ( Self-determination)

Minam tampi kigawm khawm kumpi lian ukna gam (Empire) sungah minam tuamtuamte i nuntakna leh nekzonna kisapna zui in ei deihna a khensatna le ukna (Self-determination) pen zat loh phamawh thu khat a hihi. Europe gam Austro-Hungarian Empire (kumpi gam), Ottoman Empire a kitap khap ma hun lai-in, tua kumpi gam sunga tengkhawm minamte pen a mau nuntakna leh nekzonna a hoih zaw dingin ei deihna a khensatna leh ukna (self-determination) kipia tek hi. (Note: Austor-Hungary Empire a kitap khap ciangin Romania, Bulgaria leh Hungary gamte hong piang khia hi). Tua a hih manin, mipil pawlkhat in ei deihna a khensatna le ukna (Self-determination) kipat cilna pen Europe khuamualpi (Continent) sunga om Empire pan kipan hi, ci uhhi. Cihnopna ah Empire khat sunga tengkhawm minam tuamtuamte in a mau minam leh nuntakna kisapna zui in Self-determination kipia tek a, a tawpna ah tua thu zangin minam khat in gamkhat tek in dingkhia hi, cihna hi. Self-determination cih kammal pen Politics vai a hita leh, Thukhun (law) vai ah hita leh a deihna kician tak in leitungbup san theih dingin kigelh thei nailo a, a huampi a gen in a zang gamte zatdan leh sandan zui in gamdang khat ukna pan suahtakna la in gam tuam phuh theihna ciang dong huam thei hi. Minambup kipawlna vai hawmna sungah Self-determination huamna leh tangvaina tawh kisai in kinialna om tawntung hi mah taleh, mihing hamphatna (human rights) tawh kisai in a hizongin, gam vaihawmna (politics) tawh kisai in ahi zongin tuni ciang mah lum leh tei bangin kizang veve hi. Self-determination huamsungah Mihing hamphatna (Human rights) ngahna ding nasepna ah gam ki-ukna pan suahtakna ngah ding cih ngim masa ahih loh hangin gamleivai (Political issues) tawh kisai hamphatna ngahna ding malakna ah gamsung pan suahtakna ding ngimna kihelkha veve hi.

Zo Minam leh Federal- Khen- 8

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Zo Minam leh Federal- Khen- 8

Gambup Khawnbawl Innpi (Parliament)

Belpawl gam (Federal State) ahi a, Lomkhop gam (Unitary State) ahi zongin gambup sung a teng mimal leh haitawi gamke (Member State) khempeuh in tahn kikimna a omna ding lampi zonna in Khawnbawlna Innpi (Congress/ Parliament) phutkhia hi. Gam pawlkhat in Innpi dei khat paizia (Unicameral system) paizia a zat hangin leitungah gam a tamzaw in Innpi dei nih paizia (Bicameral system) zangin gam lamkhia zaw hi. Tua Innpi dei nih paizia (Bicameral system) pen a tangpi a gen in Inndei tungnung (Upper House) leh Inndei Nuainung (Lower House) ci’n kikhen hi. Inndei nih kigawm gambup innpi pen “Parliament” ci’n UK ah kimin vawh a, “Congress” ci’n USA gam kimin vawh hi. Kawlgam ah “Pyidawngsuh Hlutdaw” kici hi.

USA gam thukhunpi gelhna khawmpi (Constitution Convention) kibawl laitak hun-in, gamke (State) golzawte in Congress ah Palai (Representative) tam deih zaw uh a, gamke (state) neuzawte in Congress ah Palai kikim ngah ding deih uhhi. May 29,1787 ni-in Gamke golzaw Virginia pan Thukhunpi gelh Palaite in gamke golna zui in Congress ah Palai tamzaw neih theihna ding gelna “Virginia Plan” pulak uhhi. A lang lamah, Gamke neuzaw New Jersey pan Thukhunpi gelh Palaite’n Gamke khempeuh in Palai kikim neih theihna ding gelna “New Jersey Plan”, June 15,1787 ni-in pulak uhhi. Hih gelna (Plan) nihte pen a lang tuak panin kinialna nakpi tak in om ngei hi. Tua laitak in June 23, 1787 in Connecticut gamke pan Roger Sherman leh Oliver Ellsworth in “Congress pen dei nih a khen ding; inndei tungnung ah gamke khempeuh in palai kikim puak ding; inndei nuainung ah gamke golte in mimal (population) tamna zui in palai tamzaw puak ding” ci’n gelna thusunna pan in innpi dei nih (Bicameral Legislature) bawl ding kiho lemna om thei a hihi. Tua kiholemna pen USA gambup tangthu sungah, “The Great Compromise” or “Connecticut Compromise” ci’n kiciamteh pah hi.

Bang hangin Politics hua i hiam?

Bang hangin Politics hua i hiam?

( Why do we hate Politics?)

Hih lai kigelh a sim thei mi khempeuh in Politics cih kammal a kizak tak ciangin gam vaihawmna leh ki-ukna thuneihna nei gam kumpi, tua tawh a kikim thuneihna panmun a len mite i mitkha ah kimu pah lian hi. Minam vai leh gamvai a sem mite pen politics a sem mite in kiciamteh pah cihna a hihi. Biakna vai, sumbawlna vai tawh kisai kipawlna zawdeuh pen politics tawh kisawh khalo bangin kikoih cihna zong ahihi. Khial hi, a kicih pah theihloh hangin man khin tuanlo hi. A manna om a, a khialhna zong om hi. A manna in minam leh gamvai nasepna ah ukna thuneihna ngahna dingin a kilangtang in kituhna kinei a hih manin politics kisem mahmah cih theih hi. A khialhna lam leuleu ah, biakna vaite ah ukna thuneihna ngahna dingin a simtham (mi nautang i theih luatloh in kidemna om) in kituhna om a hihmanin KIDEMNA om veve hi kici theihi. Na Sepna (Minam, gamvai leh biakna) bek lieuliau pen politics hi kici theilo a, na sepna a hang leh a zia (ukna leh panmun kituhna) ciangin politics kici theipan hi. Minam leh gamvai na sep manin politics a sem cih pah lanlan ding hilo a, minam leh gamvai na sepna ah ukna thuneihna ngah nopna tawh sepzia a om ciangin politics kisem cih ding hi zaw hi. Tua mah bangin biakna vai nasep a hih nakleh politics a semlo cih pah ding hi tuanlo a, biakna sungah ukna thuneihna ngahna ding na sepna leh sepzia a om leh politics kisem mah cih ding ahihi. Politics kihelna, kimawlna pen nisim nuntakna mun khempeuh ah kimu thei hi. Nasepna, veng kipawlna, khua kipawlna cihte khempeuh ah zong kimu thei hi. Tua hi a, biakna vai a hih kei nak leh Politics cih ding hilo a, biakna vai a hih nak leh Politics omlo bangin san ding zong hi pah hetlo hi. (Note: Biakna sungah Politics pen a kilanglo ( a simtham) in kidemna om a hih manin mun dangte sangin Politics pen pilvang kul zaw lai hi.)

Zo Minam leh Federal- Khen- 7

Zo Minam leh Federal- Khen- 7

Thuneihna tuamkhenna ( Separation of Power)

Thuneihna tuamkhenna (Separation of Power) cih kammal pen kumzalom (century) 18^th lai a French thu thuk ngaihsun (philosopher) Charles-Louis Montesquieu i gamsung ukna ding tawh kisai thukhun gelh dingzia lunggelna bulphuh a kigelkhia a hihi. Gamsung vaihawmna ah kivaipuak (or) ki-ukzia ding gelzia (model) khat hi a, kumpi kahiang (government branch) khat leh khat kikal-ah thuneihna kibukkim na ding deihna leh kumpi kahiang (Government branch) khat bek in a leklua a thuneihna neih khakloh ding ngimna a hihi.  

Gamkhat i thuneihna sangpen (Sovereign Power) i cih sunga om Thukhun bawl theihna (Legislative Power), Ukna-vaihawm theihna (Executive Power) leh Thukhen theihna (Judicial Power) nampi (3) teng kihekkhawm lo in, a mau muntek ah tuamkhen in gamsung vaihawmna gelna a hihi. Hih thuneihna (power) nampi (3) teng pen mimal khat (or) mi khenkhat khutsung bek ah hekkhawm in gawmkhopna gamte pen Lomkhawm gam (Unitary State) ci’n kithei a, tua thuneihna nampi (3) teng a tuamtuam a khenin, mi tuamtek i khutsungah kihawm leh Belpawl gam (Federal State) gam bulphuh Democracy gam ci’n ki thei hi. Hih thuneihna nampi (3) teng kikhendan tawh kisai i genna ciangin Democracy gam paizia et ding thupi hi. Tua Democracy gam paizia tawh vaihawmna pen paipi nam (2) in kikhen thei leuleu hi. Presidential Democracy paizia tawh ki vaihawm gam pawl leh Parliamentary Democracy paizia tawh kilam gam pawl a hihi. Hih Democracy paipi nam (2) bulphuh in thuneihna tuamkhenna en leng gamsung kilam khiatzia kitel baih zaw hi.

Zo Minam leh Federal: Khen- 6

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Zo Minam leh Federal: Khen- 6

Thuneihna kihawmna ( A Division of Power)

Gamkhat peuhpeuh in “bangci bang gam nam hiam” cih tehkakna dingin thuneihna hawmna (a division of power) pansan in ki-en hi. Tua thuneihna kihawmna zui in gambup khat pen belpawl gam diktak (genuine federal state) hi maw, hilo cih a hizongin, khenlang belpawl gam (quasi-federal state) hi maw, hilo cih a hizongin, lomkhom gam (unitary state) hi maw, hilo cih a hizongin kigen thei hi. Belpawl gam thu genna ah, a kinu sia theilo USA gam tangthu sung i et tak ciangin minam leh gam i thuneihna pen gambup kumpi (federal government) leh gamke/gamkhen kumpi (state government) kikal ah kikhawmna zia genloh theihloh bek hilo in, etteh tham cing mahmah hi. Thuneihna kihawmna (a division of power) pen USA gambup thukhunpi sungah kiteltak leh siangtak in kigelh a, gambup kumpi leh gamke (state) kumpi kikal ah thubuai a om hun a hi zongin, a mun leh mual a om gamke/gamkhen (state) khat leh khat kikal ah buaina a om hunin a hizongin gambup thukhunpi pen USA leitang tunga dingin a thunei pen hi ding hi, (supremacy clauses) ci’n zong kikoih sitset hi. Hih mun-ah thuneihna hawmna (a division of power) i gen pen, gambup kumpi lamkhiatna vai tawh kisai in thuneihna khuampi thumte (3 pillars of power) a hi, ukna thuneihan (Executive power), thukhun bawl theihna (Legislative power), leh thukhen theihna (Judicial power) kikal a thuneihna kikhenna (separation of power) a gen i hi kei a, gam lamkhiatzia tawh kisai a gambup kumpi (Union/Federal Government) leh gamke/gamkhen (State/Regional Government) kikal a thuneihna kihawmna tawh kisai a kikum nuam i hihi.