Ei pau, ei lai bek zatna in minam itna man mah maw leh?
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Vantung lampi Pawl hi kei, Jesu hi
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Desire for the improvement of the condition of Chin Nations
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Kawl paunak," Pywe lan htung phiea khiin
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Innteekte a deihlo lengla
- I Zo paunak sungah, “Mual khawl masa; tui nak ngak masa” ci'h a om mah bangin, koi mun koi mual ah i om zongin, innteek cih na om den hi. Mun thak mual thak i tun ciangin tua inn teek mite gamtat zia, lu hei zia, nuntak zia leh vaihawm zia i zuih theih kei leh, a omsa te tawh kituaklo ding cih pen kitel sa thu a hihi. Tua hang a kipan buaina leh thu buai zong mual khawl masa mite mawhna hilo zaw thei hi. Mihingte nuntakna ah tua bang thu buai (or) buaina a om theih zel man in, mikangte in zong, “Rome ah na om leh Rome mite bangin gamtang in” ci'n thupil na gen uhhi. A tung thak mite in Rome mite bangin gamtat sawm masa lo in, a mau deihna bangin Rome mite kawikaih sawm leh, tua ah buaina kipan pah ding hi.
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Gamdang tung Zomite
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တင္ေအာင္ျမင့္ဦးႏွင့္ ကခ်င္ လူသတ္မႈမ်ား
တင္ေအာင္ျမင့္ဦးႏွင့္ ကခ်င္ လူသတ္မႈမ်ားဒုသမၼတ ျဖစ္သူ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ၾကီးေဟာင္း သီဟသူရ ဦးတင္ေအာင္ျမင့္ဦးသည္ အေရွ႕ေျမာက္ပုိင္းတိုင္း တိုင္းမွဴး ျဖစ္စဥ္က ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္တြင္း ျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲ့ေသာ အစုလိုက္ အျပံဳလိုက္ သတ္ျဖတ္မွဳမ်ားအတြက္ တာဝန္ရွိသျဖင့္ ကုလသမဂၢက အထူးေကာ္မရွင္ဖြဲ႔၍ အေရးယူ စံုစမ္းသင့္ ေၾကာင္း ကခ်င္ လြတ္လပ္ေရး တပ္မေတာ္ (KIA) က ေျပာၾကားလိုက္သည္။ |
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Reconciliation amongst the Chin Christians
Kong it mipihte, Thului hoih mahmah khat hong khahkhia ing. Hih thului pen Rev. Dr. Simon Pau Khan En in Yangon Chin Catholic Fellowship-te' Ruby Jubilee Commemorative Magazine(1968-2008) sung-aa,"Reconciliation amongst the Chin Christians" cih Manglai-in a gelh laimai 294-299 pan ka teikhiat ahi hi. Zomi khempeuh in simta peuh leh cih deihsak ka hih manin hong puak ka hi hi. Itna leh deihsakna tawh, Mr. Suang Khen Pau ====================== Zomi Khristiante Sungah Kilemkikna (Reconciliation amongst the Chin Christians) By Rev. Dr. Pau Khan En Mihingte' teenna leitung in kilamdanna leh kibatlohnte in zem hi. Minam kibatlohna, melpuak kibatlohna leh kampau kibatlohnate pianpih hi a, uttawmthu-in kikhel theilo hi. Sumlepaii zonzia, gam kimakaihzia ahihkeileh thungaihsutna-thupomzia cihte pen mihingte bawltawm thu hi-in, mihingte' utthu leh khensatna zui-in kikhel thei hi. Hih kibatlohnate leh kilamdanna tuamtuamte ih bulphuh luat ciangin kimuhdahna, ki-etsatna, kikhenkhapna leh kibawlsiatnate tamveipi a pian banah ih mihing nuntakna sungah kilemna nading leh kithuhual nading khaktan tawntung hi. Khel theihloh ding pianpih nate a kikhelsawm tak ciangin a dahhuai thu ahi hi. Khel theihloh pianpih nate khel a kisawm ciangin siatna leh hemna tampi piangthei hi. A lang khatah,mihingte' khantoh nadingaa a kikhel thei thu pawlkhat a kikhel loh ciangin zong kiamsukna leh manthanna piang leuleu hi. Hih munsan takah tualnuntak nading-a thukhungsiam Reinhold Niebuhr' thungetna ih pawk ding kisam hi: |
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ZOMI COMMUNITY CHURCH, CHICAGO
(June 17-19, 2011)
- Rev. Dr. J.M. Ngul Khan Pau
Chicago O'Hare vanlengtual ah ZCC Chairman Pau Cin Lian tawh phone in kiho in ka ngakna mun ka hilh hi. Ama'n, “Ka mawtaw nong theihna dingin a mailamah “singlamteh” kikhai om hi, tua tawh hong en in,” hong cih ciangin mawtaw hong pai khempeuh singlamteh omna a om hiam ci-in ka lim et mahmah hi. Singlamteh in a kiciamteh mite i hihna leh singlamteh hangin i tunna ding a theiciante i hih lam ka phawk hi. I labu sunga, “Singlamteh in lam hong hilh,” cih bang lungsim sungah hong kilopah hi. Amau inn ah hong paipih vingvengin tawlngakna hun nuamtak ka ngah hi. Tua nitak kikhopna Pa Piang Mung te innah khangnote makaihna in kinei a, hun nuam mahmah hi.
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THE CHIN HILLS REGULATION
Introduction: The Chin Hills Regulation (Regulation IV) passed on August 13, 1896, had authorized the Superintendent or Deputy Commissioner (of the Lushai Hills) to order an undesirable outsider to leave the area and to tax the residents, permanent or temporary, clans and villages. On October 9, 1911, the Regulation was extended to the North Cachar Hills, the Garo Hills, the Khasi and Jaintya Hills (excluding the Shillong municipal and cantonment area where only the provision for taxation would apply), the Naga Hills and Mikir Hills.
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Territory of the Kukis
By George T. Haokip The Encyclopaedia Britannica records 'Kuki' as a name given to a group of tribes inhabiting both side of the mountains dividing Assam and Bengal from Burma, south of Namtaleik River (Britannica 1962). G.A. Grierson provides a general idea of the wingspan of the Kuki territory and the composition of its people. An excerpt of the general introduction of the chapter on 'Kuki-Chin- Group' in The Linguistic Survey of India, Volume III, Part-III, is reproduced as follows: "Territory inhabited by the Kuki-Chin tribes extends from the Naga Hills in the North down into the Sandoway District of Burma in the South; from the Myattha River in the East, almost to the Bay of Bengal in the West. It is almost entirely filled up by hills and mountain ridges, separated by deep valleys. A great chain of mountains suddenly rises from the plains of Eastern Bengal, about 220 miles north of Calcutta, and stretches eastward in a broadening mass of spurs and ridges, called successively the Garo, Khasia and Naga Hills. The elevation of the highest points increases towards the east from about 3,000 feet in the Garo Hills to 8,000 and 9,000 in the region of Manipur. This chain merges, in the east, into the spurs which the Himalayas shoot out from the north of Assam towards the South. From here, a great mass of mountain ridges starts southwards, enclosing the alluvial valley of Manipur, and hence spreads out westward to the south of Sylhet. It then runs almost due north and south, with cross ridges of smaller elevation through the districts known as the Chin Hills, the Lushai Hills, Hill Tipperah, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Farther south the mountainous region continues, through the Arakan Hill tracts, and the Arakan Yoma, until it finally sinks into the sea at Cape Negrais, the total length of the range being some 700 miles. The greatest elevation is found to the north of Manipur. Thence, it gradually diminishes towards the south. Where the ridge enters the north of Arakan it again raises, with summits upwards of 8,000 feet high, and here a mass of spurs is thrown off in all directions. Towards the south the western off-shoots diminish in length, leaving a track of alluvial land between them and the sea, while in the north the eastern off-shoots of the Arakan Yoma run down to the banks of the Irrawaddy. This vast mountainous region, from the Jaintia and Naga Hills in the north, is the home of the Kuki-Chin tribes. We find them, besides, in the valley of Manipur, and, in small settlements, in the Cachar plains and Sylhet. Kuki is an Assamese or Bengali term, applied to various hill tribes, such as the Lusheis, Rangkhols, Thados, etc. It seemed to have been known at a comparatively early period. In the Raj Mala, Siva is stated to have fallen in love with a Kuki woman, and the Kukis are mentioned in connection with the Tipperah Raja Chachag, who flourished about 1512 A.D."(Grierson G.A:1904) Vumson a noted Kuki scholar who is well verse in the earlier accounts of the British writer wrote on the territory of the Kukis as below: "The land occupied by Kukis-Chin speaking people extends roughly from a latitutide of about 25 degrees 30 minutes north to about 20 degrees and 30 minutes north and falls between 92 degrees 20 minutes East. The region at present covers different political areas: a) Assam: Part of Cachar North Cachar Hills and Mikir Hills, b) Meghalaya: Part of the East c) Mizoram : State d) Nagaland: Part of extreme South e) Tripura: Part of the East f) Manipur: State (Except part of the central valley and extreme North) g) Myanmar: The Chin state, large group including Tiddim- Falam and Haka are to be found, and part of the Magwe division and Kabaw valley. h) Bangladesh: Sylet District and Chittagong Hill Tracts.( Vumson:1986) According to Ralthanga, their land extends from 92 degree 10 minutes east and 94 degree 20 minutes east, which lies in the Indo-Burma ranges. According to H.W. Cutter, they lived in a land where they moved freely, with the boundary beginning from Upper Chindwin in the east, Akyab sea of Bengal in the south, Kaptai River in the west and two miles along the north of Imphal city. When much stronger nation attack them they migrated from different places at different times. The Kuki-Chin-Mizo nation had to fight through like the Israelites in their move to occupy the Promised Land, till they settled in the land occupied by them at present. This nation occupies a land roughly estimated to be 20,000 square miles, and a population of around two millions, comprising of different tribes, speaking almost the same dialect, slightly different in pronunciation and tune. This is a fact until today and one can see for himself in the town of Churachandpur, Manipur, India. The people speak their own dialect and understand each understand another language. They address themselves as 'Eimi', which mean 'our people' or 'us'. They were once called nomads because they kept on moving from place to place, like the Patriarchs, without proper settlement until the 19th century. Finally they settled down in the present land occupied by them, which was divided into three countries-India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, under the 'divide and rule policy' of the British. . In present-day context, the Kuki country covered by the movement ranges broadly from the upper Chindwin (Burma) in the West; the hills in Manipur and Aisan (Nagaland) in the East. The leadership was Chengjapao Doungel, King of Kuki, Pache Haokip, Chief of Chassad, Tintong Haokip, Commander-in-Chief of Kuki Army, Enjakhup Kholhou, Deputy Chief-in-Command of Kuki Army, and Khotinthang Sitlhou alias Kilkhong, Chief of Jampi. Kuki chiefs received tax and tributes from their various subjects in the regions stated above The earliest Kuki offensive against the British colonialists date back to 1777, at the time of Warren Hasting was the governor General of India. The first incident of record was impelled by the colonialist's annexation of Hill Tipperah (Tripura) in 1761 whereupon the Kuki went on the offensive against the invaders ( A. Mackenzie:1884). Elly described 'Great Kuki Invasion of 1860s' in Chittagong Hill Tracts as a culmination of previous 'raids' beginning from 1845 to 1851. ( A. Mackenzie:1978) The year 1860 saw the great invasion of Tipperah (Tripura) and in the following year a large body of police marched to the hills to punish and avenge. (BS Carey and HN Tuck, :1976) In 1845, 1847-1848, 1849-1850, and 1850-1851 there were raids which are altogether called the Great Kuki Invasion of 1860s.( EB Elly:1978) Reports were received in 1860 that at Chittagong, of the assembling of a body of 400 or 500 Kookies at the head of the river Fenny, and soon the tale of burning villages and slaughtered men gave token of the work they had on hand. Before any intimation of their could reach them on 31st January the Kookies , after sweeping down the course of the Fenny, burst into plains of Tipperah at Chagulneyah plundered 15 villages, butchered 185 British subjects, and carried off about 100 captives.( A. Mackenzie, Op Cit, 1885) A spirit of sovereignty pervades the history of the Kuki people. The territory inhabited by the Kukis people is known as Zale'n-Gam' (P.S Haokip:1998) When Assam came under British rule following the conclusion of the Anglo-Burmese War in 1826,[1] expeditions to extend British rule throughout the Northeast were carried out by the Assam Rifles and the Assam Military Police. What followed was the Kuki Rising of 1917-1919 which served as a foundation of Kuki nationalism. In Zale'n-Gam: The Kuki Nation (PS Haokip, Ibid) Haokip recounts details of the rising, which was painstakingly collected. The event is a reminder of the spirit of nationalism exercised by our forefather. They knew the land they occupied as 'Zale'n-Gam', which means "The land of free flight".[2] They moved freely in their land with total freedom and without any trouble. They lived according to their customs and cultures, singing their own song and ate their own bread. It was their own country, governed by themselves. Later, when the British began to penetrate their land from the plains of Assam, every village fought against the British but could not last long and soon submitted to their enemy. However their country was not yet conquered as we can see in the word of Cutter: "…why and how foolish of you all, your Israel land is not yet conquered land, it is your country…"[3] On the other hand, the British armed some of the tribes, for which other tribes would attack those who were under British protection.[4] From the writing of Vumson and other scholars, it is clear that the native fought in their best to defend their land. The British moved in all directions and effectively infected with the weapon of "divide and rule" among the native who were already fighting among themselves. Communal hatred was deeply rooted in their hearts, which pulled down national integrity and ethnical oneness.[5] This infection remains uncured until today, though many attempts have been made. The people together, neither the latest name "Zomi," cannot accept the name – Kuki or Chin or Mizo. Now, though the same nation, there are four names with no total acceptance to either of these name by the people in unison. Within a short period another movement with another name, probably 'Manmasi or Chhinlung' is likely to sprout up. References [1] Guardians of the North East: The Assam Rifles, 1835-2002 (2003, 11), First published in India by Directorate General Assam Rifles, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, 11 in association with Lancer Publishers & distributors, New Delhi[Expeditions]' include 'Kuki operations of 1880-1882 and 1917-1919'. [2] P.S Haokip, Zale'n-Gam' The Kuki Nation (Publish by KNO),p.35 [3] Ralthanga Sailo, Luz Israel, 6. [4] Vumson, Zo History, Pp. 109-113. [5] T. Gougin, History of Zomi, p.72. * The writer is assistant professor at Agartala University and can be reached at kinepna@gmail.com. |
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ေသြးႏွင့္ေခၽြးျဖင့္ ရင္းခဲ့ရသည့္ အာရွ၏သမိုင္းသင္ခန္းစာ
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ZBC Tangthu ~By- Rev. Khoi Lam Thang
1899 in Carsonte Zogam hong tung a, 1953 kum in ZBC piang hi. 1948 kum a piang HBA, FBA, leh TBA kigawm ZBC kici ahi hi. Hih bangin Association thum a pian ma in Zogam bup a om Baptist Pawlpi khempeuh "All Chin-Hills Baptist Association" kici hi. 1919-1938 ciang Cope topa vaihawm "Tedim Kam Thu kizakna lai" zong "Chin Hills News" kici hi. 1940 kiim India gam sanggamte in zong "Mizo" a kicih hun pawl a kipan in "Chin" sangin "Zo" tawh kiminlawh ding ngaihsutna hong laang hi. Rev ST Hau Go US pan hong ciah ciangin Zogam pawlpite dinmun sangmangte in hong puahphat nop hun tawh kituak a, HBA, FBA lah TBA teng kipawlna khat neih ding hong gel uh hi. Tua vaihawmna a tangtun na dingin ZBC hong piang hi. Mi pawlkhatte in Sia Hau Go makaih ahih manin "Zomi" min a pua hi ci in mawhsak uh hi. Hih hun lai pek a kipan in min thu bek hi lo a, sum thu leh a dangdang ah zong khat le khat kigimneihna kinopmawhna khaici kipanpan khin hi. |
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Ngambom & Khupting: The evergreen Kuki love story
Ngambom & Khupting: The evergreen Kuki love storyBy Zamlhun Kuki August 17, 2004: The folklores of the mighty Kukis are unmatched in its own genuineness and decency. If comparison be made in the intensity of lovebarometer (Loborometer), Ngambom & Khupting romance would have surpassed that of the degree of Greek's "Odyssey" or Hindus' "Rama & Sita", which ended in happy reunion and at best be depicted equally the desperado in Shakespear famous play of "Romeo & Juliet", which ended in remorse tragedy. The Kukis history is deeply rooted with valor, integrity, sanctity and unrelenting commitment to the cause of integral relationship. One such relationship of 'Romance' had existed, as legend passed down through to date, between Tangpa Ngambom and Lanu Khupting. Young and Old irrespective of social positions shed tears uncontrollably when the Epic Love story is ever retold in the hearths, workplaces (fields), or even in the sojourn trip, in and around the abode of the mighty Kuki in their Zale'n Gam. |
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Life without purpose is killing:
During World War II, those Jews who were not immediately exterminated by Hitler's brutal henchmen were herded into disease-infested concentration camps. In Hungary the Nazi set up a camp factory where prisoners were force to distill tons of human waste and garbage into alcohol to be used as a fuel additive. Perhaps even worse than being forced to labor amid the nauseating odor of stewing sludge was the prisoners' realization that their work was helping to fuel the Fuhrer's war machine. Yet month after month the laborers survived on meager food and disgusting work.
In 1944, Allied aircraft began bold air strikes deep into Europe. One night this area of Hungary was bombed, and the hated factory destroyed. The next morning the guards ordered the prisoners to one end of the charred remains where they were commanded to shovel the debris into carts and drag it to the other end of the compound. They're going to make us rebuild this wretched place, the prisoners thought as they bent to their labor.
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ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္အစိုးရ ၀န္ၾကီးမ်ား၏ ကိုယ္ေရးရာဇ၀င္အက်ဥ္းခ်ဴပ္ (၂ )
(၁) အမည္ ။ ။ ဦးက်င့္လ်န္းေပါင္
(၂) လူမ်ဴိး၊ဘာသာ ။ ။ ခ်င္း၊ ခရစ္ယာန္
(၃) ေမြးသကၠရာဇ္၊အသက္ ။ ။ ၂၅.၁၀.၁၉၅၁ (၅၉) ႏွစ္
(၄)ေမြးဖြားရာဇာတိ ။ ။ လြမ္းဇန္ေက်းရြာ၊ ဆာလ္ဇန္အုပ္စု၊ တြန္းဇံၿမဳိ႕နယ္
(၅) ပညာအရည္အခ်င္း ။ ။ ၁၀ တန္း (ခ) ေအာင္
(၆) အလုပ္အကိုင္ ။ ။ ကုန္သည္
(၇) အဘအမည္ ။ ။ ဦးခုပ္ဇာခမ္၊ ေတာင္သူ (ကြယ္လြန္)
(၈) အမိအမည္ ။ ။ ေဒၚတြတ္ဇာက်င္း၊ ေတာင္သူ (ကြယ္လြန္)
(၉) ဇနီး၊ အလုပ္အကိုင္ ။ ။ ေဒၚေညာင္လမ္ႏြမ္းက်ိန္၊ ကုန္သည္
(၁၀) သား၊သမီး ။ ။ (၁) မက်င္းစန္းက်ိန္ (ဓမၼဆရာ)၊ (၂) မထန္ႏြမ္းဝုန္ (ေက်ာင္းသူ)၊ (၃) မက်ိန္ငိုက္ဟြဲ (ေက်ာင္းသူ)၊ (၄) မက်ိန္ရွင္းလြန္း (ေက်ာင္းသူ)၊ (၅) မညင့္ဒိမ့္က်ိန္ (ေက်ာင္းသူ)၊ (၆) မခမ္ဒိတ္က်ိန္ (ေက်ာင္းသူ)၊ (၇) ေမာင္ခမ္တုန္းမုန္ (ေက်ာင္းသား)၊ (၈) ေမာင္ထန္ရွင္းခုပ္ (ေက်ာင္းသား)
(၁၁) အျမဲတမ္းလိပ္စာ ။ ။ ေခါဝုန္၊ ေလးဆန္ရပ္ကြက္၊ တြန္းဇံၿမဳိ႕
(၁၂) ကိုယ္စားျပဳပါတီ ။ ။ ျပည္ေထာင္စုၾကံ႕ခိုင္ေရး ႏွင့္ ဖြံ႕ၿဖဳိးေရးပါတီ
(၁၃) ေရြးခ်ယ္တင္ေျမာက္ခံရသည့္ မဲဆႏၵနယ္ ။ ။ ျပည္နယ္လႊတ္ေတာ္ကိုယ္စားလွယ္၊ မဲဆႏၵနယ္ေျမအမွတ္(၁)၊ တြန္းဇံျမိဳ႕နယ္
(၁၄) ကိုယ္ေရးအက်ဥ္းခ်ဴပ္။ ။ ။ အေျခခံပညာကို လြမ့္ဇန္၊ ဖိုင္ဒိမ္ အ.မ.က ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ လည္းေကာင္း၊ တြန္းဇံၿမဳိ႕ အ.ထ.က ႏွင့္ ေမာ္လၿမဳိင္ၿမဳိ႕ အ.ထ.က (၉) တို႕၌လည္းေကာင္း သင္ယူခဲ့သည္။
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ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္အစိုးရ ၀န္ၾကီးမ်ား၏ ကိုယ္ေရးရာဇ၀င္အက်ဥ္းခ်ဴပ္
Chin State |
(၁) အမည္ ။ ။ ဦးဟုန္းငိုင္း
(၂) လူမ်ဴိး၊ဘာသာ ။ ။ ခ်င္း၊ ဗုဒၵ
(၃) ေမြးသကၠရာဇ္၊အသက္။ ။ ၃၀-၃-၁၉၅၆၊ (၅၄)ႏွစ္
(၄) ေမြးဖြားရာဇာတိ ။ ။ သြီပန္းရြာ၊ သီြပန္းအုပ္စု၊ မင္းတပ္ျမိဳ႕နယ္
(၅) အဘအမည္ ။ ။ ဦးဟာဟုန္း (ကြယ္လြန္)
(၆) အမိအမည္ ။ ။ ေဒၚထန္းယ (ကြယ္လြန္)
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ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနမ်ားႏွင့္ ဝန္ႀကီးမ်ား (2011)
ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနမ်ားႏွင့္ ဝန္ႀကီးမ်ား
၁။ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္လွမင္း - ကာကြယ္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂။ ဒုတိယဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးကုိကုိ- ျပည္ထဲေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၃။ ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ သိန္းေဌး -နယ္စပ္ေရးရာဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ ျမန္မာ့စက္မႈဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၄။ ဦးဝဏၰေမာင္လြင္- ႏုိင္ငံျခားေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၅။ ဦးေက်ာ္ဆန္း- ျပန္ၾကားေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၆။ ဦးျမင့္လႈိင္-လယ္ယာစုိက္ပ်ဳိးေရးႏွင့္ ဆည္ေျမာင္းဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၇။ ဦးဝင္းထြန္း -သစ္ေတာေရးရာဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၈။ ဦးလွထြန္း-ဘ႑ေရးႏွင့္ အခြန္ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၉။ ဦးခင္ေမာင္ျမင့္-ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁ဝ။ ဦးတင္ႏုိင္သိန္း- အမ်ဳိးသားစီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးတုိးတက္ေရးႏွင့္ ေမြးျမဴေရးႏွင့္ ေရလုပ္ငန္းဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၁။ ဦးဝင္းျမင့္- စီးပြားေရးႏွင့္ ကူးသန္းေရာင္းဝယ္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၂။ ဦးသိန္းထြန္း- ဆက္သြယ္ေရး စာတုိက္ႏွင့္ ေၾကးနန္းဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၃။ ဦးေအာင္ၾကည္ -အလုပ္သမားဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ လူမႈဝန္ထမ္း ကယ္ဆယ္ေရးႏွင့္ျပန္လည္ေနရာခ် ထားေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၄။ ဦးသိန္းထုိက္- သတၱဳတြင္းဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၅။ ဦးအုန္းျမင့္- သမဝါယမဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၆။ ဦးဥာဏ္ထြန္းေအာင္- ပုိ႔ေဆာင္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၇။ ဦးတင့္ဆန္း- ဟုိတယ္ႏွင့္ ခရီးသြားလာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာနႏွင့္ အားကစားဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၈။ ဦးေက်ာ္စြာခုိင္- အမွတ္(၁) စက္မႈဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၁၉။ ဦးစုိးသိန္း- အမွတ္(၂) စက္မႈဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂ဝ။ ဦးေအာင္မင္း- ရထားပုိ႔ေဆာင္ေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၁။ ဦးသန္းေဌး- စြမ္းအင္ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၂။ ဦးေဇာ္မင္း- အမွတ္(၁) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအားဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၃။ ဦးခင္ေမာင္စုိး- အမွတ္ (၂) လ်ွပ္စစ္စြမ္းအားဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၄။ ေဒါက္တာျမေအး- ပညာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၅။ ေဒါက္ေဖသက္ခင္- က်န္းမာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၆။ သူရဦးျမင့္ေမာင္- သာသာနာေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၇။ ဦးေအးျမင့္ -သိပၸံႏွင့္ နည္းပညာဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၈။ ဦးခင္ရီ- လူဝင္မႈႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးႏွင့္ ျပည္သူ႔အင္အားဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၂၉။ ဦးသိန္းညြန္႔- သမၼတ႐ုံးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
၃ဝ။ ဦးစုိးေမာင္- သမၼတ႐ုံးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန
ဒုဝန္ႀကီး (၃၉) ဦး
(၁) ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ ေက်ာ္ညႊန္႔ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ကာကြယ္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂) ဗိုလ္မႉးႀကီး ေအာင္ေသာ္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ကာကြယ္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃) ဗိုလ္မႉးခ်ဳပ္ ေက်ာ္စံျမင့္(ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ျပည္ထဲေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၄) ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေဇာ္ဝင္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး နယ္စပ္ေရးရာ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၅) ဦးေမာင္ျမင့္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၆) ေဒါက္တာမ်ိဳးျမင့္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၇) ဦးစိုးဝင္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ျပန္ၾကားေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၈) ဦးအုန္းသန္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး လယ္ယာစိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးႏွင့္ ဆည္ေျမာင္း ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၉) ဦးခင္ေသာ္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး လယ္ယာစိုက္ပ်ိဳးေရးႏွင့္ ဆည္ေျမာင္း ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁ဝ) ဦးဝင္းသန္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ဘ႑ာေရးႏွင့္ အခြန္ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၁) ဦးစိုးတင့္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၂) ဦးေက်ာ္လြင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၃) ေဒါက္တာ ကံေဇာ္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး အမ်ိဳးသားစီမံကိန္းႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈဝန္ႀကီး ဌာန)
(၁၄) ေဒါက္တာပြင့္ဆန္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး စီးပြားေရးႏွင့္ ကူးသန္းေရာင္းဝယ္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၅) ဦးတင့္လြင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ဆက္သြယ္ေရး၊ စာတုိက္ႏွင့္ ေၾကးနန္း ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၆) ဦးဖုန္းေဆြ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး လူမႈဝန္ထမ္း ကယ္ဆယ္ေရးႏွင့္ ျပန္လည္ေနရာခ်ထားေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၇) ဦးသန္းထြန္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး သမဝါယမ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၈) ဦးျမင့္သိန္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး အလုပ္သမား ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၁၉) ဦးဝင္းရွိန္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ပို႔ေဆာင္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂ဝ) ဦးေဌးေအာင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ဟိုတယ္ႏွင့္ ခရီးသြားလာေရးလုပ္ငန္း ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၁) ဦးသိန္းေအာင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး အမွတ္(၁) စက္မႈ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၂) ဦးမ်ိဳးေအာင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး အမွတ္(၂) ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၃) သူရဦးေသာင္းလြင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ရထားပို႔ေဆာင္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၄) ဦးသန္႔ရွင္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ရထားပို႔ေဆာင္ေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၅) ဦးစိုးေအာင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး စြမ္းအင္ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၆) ဦးျမင့္ေဇာ္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး အမွတ္(၁) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၇) ဦးေအာင္သန္းဦး (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး အမွတ္(၂) လွ်ပ္စစ္စြမ္းအား ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၈) ဦးေအးၾကဴ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ပညာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၂၉) ဦးဘေရႊ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ပညာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃ဝ) ေဒါက္တာ ေဒၚျမျမအုန္းခင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး က်န္းမာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၁) ေဒါက္တာဝင္းျမင့္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး က်န္းမာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၂) ေဒၚစႏၵာခင္(ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ယဥ္ေက်းမွဳ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၃) ေဒါက္တာ ေမာင္ေမာင္ေဌး (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး သာသနာေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၄) ေဒါက္တာကိုကိုဦး (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး သိပၸံႏွင့္ နည္းပညာ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၅) ဦးေက်ာ္ေက်ာ္ဝင္း (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး လူဝင္မႈႀကီးၾကပ္ေရးႏွင့္ ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၆) ဦးေအးျမင့္ၾကဴ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး အားကစား ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၇) ဦးဟန္စိန္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ျမန္မာ့စက္မႈဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၈) ဦးခ်န္ေမာင္ (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ျမန္မာ့စက္မွဳဖြံ႔ျဖိဳးေရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
(၃၉) ဦးခင္ေမာင္ေအး (ဒုတိယဝန္ႀကီး ေမြးျမဴေရးႏွင့္ ေရလုပ္ငန္း ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန)
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Pu Vum Ko Hau Tangthu
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ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ ၀န္ၾကီးခ်ဴပ္ နွင့္ ၀န္ၾကီးမ်ားစာရင္း
(၁) ဦးဟုန္းငိုင္း ၀န္ၾကီးခ်ဴပ္ (ၾကံ့ဖြံ႕)
(၂) ဗိုလ္မွဴးၾကီးေဇာ္မင္းဦး (လံုျခံဳေရးႏွင့္ နယ္စပ္ေရးရာ၀န္ၾကီးဌါန (စစ္တပ္)
(၃) ဦးနန္ဇမုန္း (ဘ႑ာေရး ႏွင့္ စီမံကိန္း၀န္ၾကီးဌါန (ၾကံ့ဖြံ႕)
(၄) ဦးရမ္မန္း (စီးပြားေရး၀န္ၾကီးဌါန (ခ်င္းအမ်ဴိးသားပါတီ)
(၅) ဦးဗန္ေထာင္ (စိုက္ပ်ဴိးေရး၀န္ၾကီးဌါန(ျမန္မာ့၀ါႏွင့္ပိုးခ်ဥ္လုပ္ငန္း ျပည္နယ္မန္ေနဂ်ာအျငိမ္းစား)
(၆) ဦးေက်ာ္ျငိမ္း (စြမ္းအင္၊လွ်ပ္စစ္၊သတၲဳ ႏွင့္ သစ္ေတာ၀န္ၾကီးဌါန (ခ်င္းတိုးတက္ေရးပါတီ)
(၇) ဦးက်င့္လ်န္ေပါင္ (ပို႕ေဆာင္ေရး၊ ဆက္သြယ္ေရး ႏွင့္ ေဆာက္လုပ္ေရး၀န္ၾကီးဌါန(ၾကံ့ဖြံ႕)
(၈) ေဒါက္တာဘေမာင္ (လူမႈေရး၀န္ၾကီးဌါန(ေရွးေဟာင္းသုေတသနဦးစီးဌါန ညြန္ၾကားေရးမွဴးခ်ဴပ္အျငိမ္းစား)
(၉) ဦးနိန္းႏိုင္း (စီမံခန္႕ခြဲေရး၀န္ၾကီးဌါန ႏွင့္ စက္မႈလက္မႈ၀န္ၾကီးဌါန(ၾကံ့ဖြံ႕)
ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ ဥပေဒခ်ဴပ္
(၁) ဦးကပၸတီ အယ္လ္
ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္လႊတ္ေတာ္ တရားသူၾကီးခ်ဴပ္
(၁) ဦး ၀င္းျမင့္ေက်ာ္
ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ တရားလႊတ္ေတာ္ တရားသူၾကီး
(၁) ဦးလွတင္
(၂)ဦး ျမင့္သိန္းထြန္း
ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ စာရင္းစစ္ခ်ဴပ္
(၁) ဦးေက်ာ္ဇံ
ခ်င္းတိုင္းရင္းသား ေရးရား၀န္ၾကီးမ်ား
(၁) ဦးကိုကိုႏုိင္ ရခိုင္ျပည္နယ္ (ခ်င္းတိုင္းရင္းသားေရးရာ၀န္ၾကီးဌါန)
(၂) ဦးဆလိုင္းလွထြန္း မေကြးတိုင္း (ခ်င္းတိုင္းရင္းသားေရးရာ၀န္ၾကီးဌါန)
(၃) ဦးႏိုးထန္ကပ္ စစ္ကိုင္းတိုင္း (ခ်င္းတိုင္းရင္းသားေရးရာ၀န္ၾကီးဌါန)
Source: http://khonumthungburmese.org/?p=1091
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Strange Birds open up Nepal
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Burma Soldier Documentation
A LeBrocquy Fraser / Break Thru Films production
contact +1 212 675 6568 annie@breakthrufilms.org
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Census 2001: Major Schedule Tribes of Manipur
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Interview with Dr. JM Ngul Khan Pau
ZONET: Nang leh na innkuante (zi leh tate) thu a tom in na hong gen thei diam?
Dr. Pau: Kei ka pianna Murlen khua, Mizoram hi. Ka pa Thuam Za Gin, Murlen Presbyterian Pawlpi ah upa ordained ngah masa pen leh, ka nu Niang Za Go, zong Numei kikhop a pan leh makai masate laka khat hi. Manipur gam ka tun ciangun Tuiphum pawlpi ah ka khangkhia hi. Pianpih sanggam numei thum leh pasal khat nei ing. Ka zi Lucy Engjadim tawh December 19, 1986 in Pasian min tawh pumkhat suak ung. Topa hehpihna tawh tapa nih Daniel Gin Sian Mung, tulaitak Master of Social Work, Mumbai, India leh Toshi Thang Lian Mang, 12th Grade, Air Academy, Colorado Springs nei ung.
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၂၀၁၃ ခုႏွစ္.....ဘာမျဖစ္ေစပါနဲ႔...
သိရသည္။
သိပၸံပညာရွင္မ်ား စိုးရိမ္ေနသည္မွာ ၾကီးမားလွေသာ ေန၏ ဆိုလာ အ၀န္းအ၀ိုင္းၾကီးသည္ ၂၀၁၃ ခုႏွစ္၌ ပ်ံကား ထြက္လာျပီး ကမၻာၾကီးတစ္ခုလံုးကို အဆံုးတုိင္ ၀ရုန္းသုန္းကား ျဖစ္မႈမ်ားကို ေပၚေပါက္ေစမည္ဟု ၾကိဳတင္ခန္႔မွန္း ရျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ရာစုႏွစ္ တစ္ခုအတြင္း ေပၚေပါက္ခဲလွေသာ သဘာ၀ ေဘးအႏၱရာယ္ တစ္ခု ျဖစ္ျပီး စြမ္းအား ၾကီးမားလွေသာ အာကာသ အတြင္းမွ ေက်ာက္ အပိုင္းအျပတ္မ်ား တစ္စစီ ေၾကြမြ လြင့္ပ်ံလာျခင္းက ျဂိဳလ္တု ဆက္သြယ္ေရး စနစ္မ်ားကို ထိခိုက္ ပ်က္စီးေစျပီး ကမၻာေျမျပင္ တစ္ခုလံုးကိုလည္း ေျပာင္သလင္း ခါသြားေလာက္သည္အထိ ထိခိုက္မႈမ်ား ျဖစ္ေစမည့္
အျပင္ အက်ိဳးဆက္အျဖစ္ အစာေရစာမ်ား ရွာပါးလာျပီး အင္တာနက္ ဆက္သြယ္ေရးမ်ားသည္လည္း လံုး၀ ျပတ္ေတာက္သြားမည္ ျဖစ္သည္။
ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းပ်က္စီး ေစခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။
အလားတူ သဘာ၀ ေဘးအႏၱရာယ္ က်ေရာက္မႈ အျဖစ္ ၂၀၁၂ ကမၻာပ်က္မည့္ေန႔ ဟု အမည္ရေသာ ေဟာလီး၀ုဒ္၏ ဇာတ္ကားမ်ားထဲမွ ျမင္ကြင္းမ်ား ကဲ့သို႔ပင္ၾကံဳေတြ႕ရဖြယ္ ရွိေနျပီး ကာကြယ္ေရးဌါန အတြင္းေရးမွဴး Liam Fox က လန္ဒန္တြင္
အဆိုပါ ကိစၥႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ျပီး အေရးေပၚ အစည္းအေ၀းတစ္ရပ္ မေန႔က ေခၚယူခဲ့သည္။
ေဒါက္တာ ေဖါက္စ္ကလည္း ၁၈၅၉ ခုႏွစ္က ေပါက္ကြဲမႈမ်ား၏ ျဖစ္စဥ္အတိုင္း ျပန္လည္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာမည္ဟု အတည္ျပဳ ေျပာၾကား ခဲ့သည္။ ၄င္းက သိပၸံပညာရွင္မ်ားႏွင့္ စည္းေ၀းျပီး ထပ္မံ ေပၚေပါက္လာဖြယ္ ရွိသည့္ သဘာ၀ေဘးအႏၱရာယ္ကို ရင္ဆုိင္ ေျဖရွင္းရန္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာမ်ားကို စီမံကိန္းမ်ားအျဖစ္ စတင္ တည္ေဆာက္မည္ ျဖစ္သည္။
ဟုဆုိခဲ့သလို ႏွစ္ေပါင္းတစ္ရာအတြင္း မၾကံဳဖူးေလာက္ေသာ အာကာသ ဆုိင္ရာထူးျခားမႈမ်ား ၾကံဳေတြ႕ရမည္" ဟု ဆိုသည္။
ကမၻာေျမေပၚတြင္ ၁၈၅၉ ခုႏွစ္က အၾကီးမားဆံုး စြမ္းအင္ ေပါက္ကြဲမႈအျဖစ္ ၾကံဳေတြ႕ခဲ့ဖူးျပီး ထိုစဥ္က ကမၻာ၏ သံုးပံုႏွစ္ပံုမွာ ေကာင္းကင္တစ္ခုလံုးတြင္ ေသြးေရာင္ ကဲ့သုိ႔ ခ်င္းခ်င္း နီေသာ မိုးေသာက္ေရာင္ျခည္မ်ားကို ဖံုးလႊမ္းျခင္း ခံခဲ့ရသည္။ အလားတူ ျဖစ္ရပ္မ်ိဳး ယခုထပ္မံ ၾကံဳေတြ႕ရမည္ ျဖစ္ျပီး တိမ္တိုက္မ်ားမွာ မုန္တုိင္းမ်ားျဖစ္ေပၚရန္ အတြက္ အဓိက အားျဖည့္ ေလာင္စာမ်ား ျဖစ္လာမည္ ျဖစ္သလို ၄င္းမုန္တုိင္းမ်ား၏ အတုိက္ခိုက္ အခံရဆံုးမွာ လန္ဒန္၊ ပဲရစ္စ္ ႏွင့္ နယူးေယာက္တုိ႔ ျဖစ္လာမည္ ဟုလည္း သံုးသပ္ေနၾကသည္။ ယခုတစ္ၾကိမ္ ေပၚေပါက္လာမည့္ စြမ္းအင္ ပ်ံ႕ကားမႈႏွင့္ အလားတူစြာ ၁၉၈၉ ခုႏွစ္က အလြန္
ေသးငယ္ေသာ စြမ္းအင္ ေပါက္ကြဲမႈတစ္ခု ကေနဒါ ႏုိင္ငံရွိ Quebec လ်ပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားရံု အနီးတြင္ ေပၚေပါက္ ခဲ့ဖူးသည္။
မဆင္မခ်င္မႈမ်ားေၾကာင့္ အၾကိမ္ၾကိမ္ ထိခိုက္ဒဏ္ရာ ရမႈမ်ား ၾကံဳေတြ႕ေနရသည္ဟု အဆိုပါ ဇာတ္ကားတြင္ ထင္ရွားေသာ စကားအျဖစ္ သံုးစြဲခဲ့သည္။
မေန႔က က်င္းပခဲ့ေသာ ကြန္းဖရန္႔စ္ တြင္ ၾကားနာခဲ့ရသမွ် အရ အာကာသ အတြင္း ႏူကလီးယားလက္နွက္မ်ားေပါက္ကြဲသည္ႏွင့္ အလားသ႑န္တူသည့္ အေျခအေနမ်ိဳး ျဖစ္ေပၚလာႏုိ္င္သည္အထိ ခန္႔မွန္းေနၾကေၾကာင္းလည္း ၾကားသိခဲ့ရသည္။
Dr. Fox က ျဖည့္စြက္ ေျပာၾကားခဲ့ရာတြင္ "သိပၸံပညာရဲ႕ အက်ိဳးေက်းဇူးနဲ႔ ေရွ႕ေျပးေနတဲ့ တီထြင္ၾကံဆ မႈေတြက ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ အားလံုးရဲ႕ သဘာ၀ ရန္သူၾကီးကို ကိစၥတံုး ႏုိင္ေလာက္တဲ့ အေျခအေန ရွိႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ ဟုအားေပးစကားလည္းေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။
လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ ညက Dr. Fox က လ်ပ္စစ္ ေကာင္စီမွ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးမ်ားႏွင့္ အေရးေပၚ အေျခအေနကို ရင္ဆုိင္ရန္ ၾကိဳတင္ ျပင္ဆင္မႈမ်ားကို အေသးစိတ္ ေဆြးေႏြးခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ယခင္ အေမရိကန္ အစိုးရ၏ ကာကြယ္ေရး အၾကံေပး ပုဂၢိဳလ္
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State of Freedom Struggle
State of Freedom Struggle
David Tharckabaw
As the experts had predicted, the SPDC stage-managed the November 7, 2010 elections to deliver landslide victory to the SPDC proxy party and pro-SPDC parties. Realizing that the SPDC has only the intention of perpetuating the oppressive military rule, major ceasefire ethnic organizations such as the KIO, NMSP, UWSP, SSPP-North and MNDDP have rejected the elections. They are now looking for cooperation with the non-ceasefire organizations such as the KNU, KNPP, ALP and CNF.
In the case of the Karen, quite a number of members of the DKBA, which had made ceasefire and even served as a puppet of the SPDC, have returned to the opposition side.
The KNU is determined to continue its political line of pressure on the SPDC for meaningful dialogue and national reconciliation. It also has to continue self-defense resistance and protection of the people from human rights violations by the SPDC troops, together with the other ethnic and democratic forces.
The dictatorship regards the KNU and NLD as its main enemies, the former for carrying on active resistance and the latter for carrying on non-violent resistance, resolutely.
Like in Nazi Germany, the SPDC uses thuggish means to break up and weaken the NLD, while it continues military campaigns against the KNU and systematic human rights violations against the Karen people to weaken their will to resist and survive.
Continued human rights violations have driven more Karen people from Burma to take refuge in the Thai-Burma border areas and into deep jungles as IDP.
In a politically motivated action influenced by some German political NGOs, the EU has scaled down its humanitarian assistance for the refugees. The German NGOs have been using huge funds to pressure and persuade the ethnic forces for the political line of Appeasement, Capitulation and Collaboration with the military dictatorship for Development (ACCD line), since late 80s.
Through the Euro-Burma Office (EBO), they managed to set up a loose ethnic coalition called the Ethnic Nationality Council (ENC) to support the ACCD line. Clearly, the German NGOs fail to see that the military dictatorship's aim is to subjugate all the opposition forces into total submission and serfdom, eliminate their identities, control their lands and build the Fourth Burman Empire. One other thing is that the German NGOs, being political, see Burma as a potential market for German manufactured goods and services, a source of cheap labor and cheap natural resources. They are for a top down enforcement of developmentalism (ideology of development), without any regard for human suffering and degeneration. (Reportedly, developmentalism is gaining ground among the experts at the UN.)
The Karens as well as other ethnic nationalities are well disposed to a compromise solution of having a federal arrangement similar to that of Switzerland, the United States or Australia and not total independence as the SPDC propaganda has portrayed them.
This ACCD line has made the military dictatorship to be more repressive and hard-lined. On the other hand, it has caused divisions in each ethnic as well as democratic organization and between the ethnic and democratic organizations.
The followers of the ACCD line have condemned international sanctions as hurting the poor or ineffective, criticized Daw Suu and the NLD as hard-lined and irrelevant, supported the State Constitution drafted and adopted fraudulently by SPDC, welcomed and participated in the SPDC stage-managed 2010 elections, propagated the false view that the collapse of the dictatorship would bring total chaos to the country and engaged in scare mongering among the opposition forces.
The dictatorship of Burma will continue to portray itself as a victim of colonial rule and injustice. It will continue to cheat, lie and cajole the international community, especially the UN, to get support for its development programs for the perpetuation of its hold on power. It will continue to pursue its nuclear bomb development program and the delivery system. Before long, there can be another North-Korea like regime, in Asia.
Developmentalism and development assistance to Burma under the corrupt and reactionary dictatorship will severely weaken the ethnic and democratic forces and make the dictatorship to become stronger. According to some experts, development will benefit the people and the country only when there are –
Correct leadership;
Strong administrative mechanism;
Trustworthy institutions;
The neighboring countries are under the sway of developmentalism, which has fired up intense imagination in them for economic gain from a relationship with corrupt Burma. There is also the false belief that development will make the dictatorship to fade away. (The collapse of Soviet Union was due to sanctions by the Free World, the systemic problem of socialist economy and the need for development. In short, sanctions initiated change or collapse of the Soviet Union.)
Military Situation
Some advisors are of the opinion that the ethnic nationality organizations should have clear military parity with the SPDC military regime for any meaningful dialogue to take place. The war between the military regime and the ethnic forces has reached a stalemate long ago, but the regime, with ultra-nationalistic mind-set, fails to see it.
Media reports indicate that the SPDC has more than 300,000 or 400,000 troops, armed with Russian and Chinese weapons. It is the regime's propaganda to frighten the opposition forces. According to our intelligence, the SPDC army has many units but they are very much under-strength. A careful count shows that the total combat strength of the SPDC army is much less than a hundred thousand men. They are poorly trained, armed and supported. They do not get even enough food ration and medicine. The morale of SPDC troops is very low and, according to reliable information, the desertion rate is 3000 per month. Vigorous and blind recruiting drive by the SPDC to increase the number of troops has resulted in an army with 30% child soldiers.
The battle field reports, covering the period from January 2010 to the end of November 2010, showed that the killed ratio between the KNLA and the SPDC army is 1:35 + while the wounded ratio is 1:93 +. The indications are that the sanctions are working and they are hitting the SPDC regime where it hurts; that is its power base. The SPDC army is not invincible.
Geo-politics
The SPDC dictatorship has been squandering foreign assistance on white- elephant projects such as the building of new capital, Naypyidaw, nuclear bomb development, buying high performance jet fighters etc. The 20 MIG-29s, 50 MI-12 helicopter gunships sold by Russia, the F-6 and F-7 jet fighter planes, tanks, heavy mortars, multiple rocket launchers sold by China and a few Scud type missiles sold by North Korea can be used mainly for strategic defense, except the helicopter gunships.
We may interpret Russia's sale of war weapons as a move to boost the prestige of its ally, India, for balancing China's effort to gain economic and political influence over the regime. India's nervousness of China's growing influence is understandable and it can only aim for keeping Burma as a neutral state, a buffer between itself and China.
Thailand, during the Cold War period, treated the KNU as a buffer against communist expansion. After the Cold War, depending on the party in power, Thailand sees the KNU as a hindrance to economic relations with Burma or a legitimate stakeholder for peace and a force against the mad dictatorship.
The KNU sees the US policy of engagement and pressure towards the military dictatorship as a pragmatic approach, but the US should be careful not to slide into appeasement and collaboration, as a result of believing lies, deceit, trickery, cajolery, groveling and threats from the dictatorship.
The dictatorship is purposely selling mega-project concessions for (mining, hydro-electrical dam, super-highway, railway, deep-sea port and gas pipe-line projects) cheaply to India, China and Thailand in order to persuade them to put pressure on the Burmese opposition forces. The KNU has placed its faith in the united struggle of the democratic and ethnic forces. It has to lead alliance organizations like the National Democratic Front (NDF), the Democratic Alliance of Burma (DAB) and the National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB).
Brief Historical Background
The longstanding ethnic conflicts of Burma, since a year after the country's independence, lay in the ultra-nationalism of the majority ethnic group, the Burman. The Burman had had three empires. The first two covered the middle plain and part of the lower plain of the country. The third and last one covered the middle and almost all of the lower plains of the country. The Burman were made more proud of their past empires and glory by the British overthrow of the Burman monarchy.
The last dynastic king, Aung Zeya, through subterfuge, subdued the rival Mon Kingdom in the lower part of Burma and literally committed genocide against the Mon people. He even massacred 3000 Mon Buddhist monks, who were guardians of the Mon literature and culture. Thus, the Mon people have become a small minority today and most of their literature and culture had been lost.
The Burman did not see it necessary to eliminate the Karen people living in rural areas of the plains and in the hills of the lower part of the country, as they were not likely to become a rival. The Burman kept the Karens mainly as a pool of forced labor for working on the lands. They kept the Karens backward by not trying to convert them to Buddhism.
The British annexed Burma, a military empire with a very backward form of feudalism, in 1885. Soon they added adjoining areas with different peoples, cultures and traditions to their new possession. No wonder, the British Burma was a paradise for anthropologists for years and it had remained a country instead of a nation up to the time of independence. Perhaps, it is still a country.
The total population of Burma today is estimated to be 57 million. A total of the non-Burman ethnic population together is estimated to be 25 million, forming more than 43% of the population. However, they own about 60% of the rather hilly but mineral rich land of the country.The Karen people made quick progress under the British, as they were freed from the oppressive rule of feudalism. The other factor in the quick progress of Karen people was the work of the American Baptist missionaries, who invented the written Karen language, converted large number to Karens to Christianity and introduced modern education to them.
The Burman ultra-nationalists interpreted quick progress made by the Karens as a result of special favor given to them by the hated British. In early 1942, the Burma Independence Army (BIA) marched into Burma from Thailand with the Japanese Imperial Army. Before long, some BIA units started to commit atrocities against the Karens in the Irrawaddy Delta and Papun areas.
The incident was unknown to head of the BIA, Gen. Aung San, who was away in the far north with the Japanese vanguard, at the time of the incident. When he learned about the incident on his return, Aung San invited the Karen leaders, apologized for the incident and started Karen-Burman friendship movement.
After WWII, Aung San led Burma's independence movement and managed to conclude an agreement, known as the Panglong Agreement, with leaders of the Karenni, Shan and Kachin peoples. According to the agreement, the ethnic leaders agreed to obtain independence at the same time as the Burman and live together in a Union. Aung San agreed to the demand of the ethnic leaders to secede after a 10-year period, if the union turned out to be unsatisfactory.
Burma declared independence on January 4, 1948. Aung San and his entire cabinet were assassinated 5 months before independence and the political power passed into the hands of Burman leaders, who were more bent on keeping Burma as a unitary and Burman dominated state. Gen Ne Win, second in command of the Burman Army, used his pocket army troops to attack the Karens in Tavoy-Mergui district, the Karen quarters in Rangoon City and Insein town, in late 1948 and early 1949. When the Karen quarters in Insein came under attack, where the KNU headquarters was located, the Karen had no choice but to take up arms in self-defense. In essence, the Karen resistance led by the KNU up to this day, is a self-defense action.
Ne Win seized power and expanded the civil war. He assumed himself the builder of the Fourth Burman Empire and managed to get financial and military assistance from the Western Camp, during the Cold War, to wipe out communist and ethnic insurgency. He died without realizing his dream. He became one of the most hated Burman generals even among the Burman population.
Senior Gen. Than Shwe, who is head of the military dictatorship today, has a yearning like that of Ne Win. With the help of astrologers, he has come to believe that he is a reincarnation of a dynastic king of the feudal days. However, his craving for wealth and power surpassed that of his mentor, Ne Win.
Peaceful Resolution of Conflicts
The dictatorship made ceasefire agreements with a number of ethnic armed organizations not long after the nationwide pro-democracy uprising in 1988 and in the first half of 1990s. The KNU had talks with the regime in power in 1996 and again in 2004. On both occasions, the regime demanded the KNU to enter the legal fold (surrender) and refused to have any political dialogue. As a result, the KNU reached only a gentleman ceasefire agreement in 2004-2005, for a brief period.
In 2009, Gen. Thein Sein, in his capacity as Prime Minister of the SPDC, made an overture for talks with the KNU. However, when the KNU replied with the suggestion of holding talks in a neutral venue, there was no response.
In the KNU view, the regime made ceasefire agreements, with the ethnic nationality organizations individually, not to make peace, but to divide them and to get the time for crushing the democratic movement inside the country. At the same time, it depleted the loot-able natural resources such as timber and minerals in the ethnic areas, looked for financial and arm support from Russia and China.
However, the KNU is ready to hold meaningful dialogue with the regime for conflict resolution, national reconciliation and establishment of viable peace. As before, it prefers to participate in such talks as part of the ethnic bloc, rather than holding talks with the regime individually
By Saw D. Tharckabaw, Vice President of the Karen National Union based in the liberated area
Acronyms
SPDC = State Peace and Development Council (military dictatorship of Burma); KIO = Kachin Independence Army; NMSP = New Mon State Party; UWSP = United Wa State Party; SSPP = Shan State Progress Party; MNDDP = Myanmar National Democratic and Development Party; KNU = Karen National Union; KNPP = Karenni National Progressive Party; ALP = Arakan Liberation Party; CNF = Chin National Front; DKBA = Democratic Karen Buddhist Army; IDP Internally Displaced Persons; EU = European Union; NLD = National League for Democracy; UN = United Nations; US = United States.